Gender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality - 1740 Words

The gender wage gap is defined as the relative difference in earnings between men and women in the economy as a whole. For every dollar a man makes, his female counterpart makes roughly seventy-seven cents. Even if a men and women have the same educational background and work history the man will go home with a higher paycheck than the woman. This may actually lead to tension in the workplace and cause conflict in the office. This also includes female dominated industries- most notably, nursing. The number of men in the nursing industry has increased tremendously in the past decade. However, men are still in a clear minority. On average, â€Å"the average salary per year in 2011 was nearly $61,000 for a male nurse and just $51,100 for a female nurse† (Diamond, 2014). This leaves a difference of $9,900. While we can all agree that the gender wage gap does in fact exist, I want to discover what exactly causes the wage gap, how it affects those on the disadvantaged end, and wh at can be done to diminish it. In the nursing profession, men have been out-earning women since 1988. The Journal of the American Medical Association conducted a recent study on this pay gap. . The study reflects data from nearly 88,000 RNs from the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses from 1988 to 2008, as well as 205,825 RNs from the 2001-2013 American Community Surveys. Both data sets showed male RNs’ salaries were higher than female RNs’ salaries every year. The average earnings difference wasShow MoreRelatedGender Wage Gap Inequality And Gender Inequality Essay1880 Words   |  8 PagesArmando Suqui-Carchi Professor Pantano English 201 13 December 2016 Gender Wage Gap Inequality The gender wage inequality topic is one that has quietly laid in Americas closet of problems for decades. A female worker in Louisiana makes on average an alarming sixty-six cents compared to the dollar a man makes in twenty sixteen. When a father comes home after a forty-hour long work week making fifteen dollars an hour, he will open up a paycheck to six hundred dollars. When a mother comes home afterRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality1738 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gender Wage Gap is defined as the different amounts of money that is paid to women and men, often for doing the same work. Women who work full time, year round earn 77 cents for every dollar that men earn. Over a year women make $11,500 less than men and throughout their life this wage gap can affect women by making them earn anywhere from $400,000-$2 million less than men do. (Miller 2008, 6) The wage gap varies for women of different races. On average African-American women are paid 60 centsRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality2164 Words   |  9 Pages Throughout history, discrimination has wielded its ugly head in many different forms. Things such as, but not limited to, race, religion, appearance, beliefs and gender have consistently oppressed minorities. A continual discrimination that the women of the world are dealing with takes place in what has been promised to be a fair and unprejudiced environment: the work place. This issue deals with women not being paid the same amount of money as men even though they may be equally, if not more soRead MoreThe Wage Gap And Gender Inequality Essay1760 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION Women as a minority group concerning the wage gap, also known as the gender pay gap, is an older phenomenon that has gradually become more of a topic of concern since the 1960s. The wage gap is recognized as the difference between male and female earnings that is identified as a percentage of male earnings. In 1963 the Equal Pay Act was instituted declaring that it would be illegal to pay women lower wages simply based on their gender. The wage gap remains a popular area of active and innovativeRead MoreGender Wage Gaps And Gender Inequality1115 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Boris Hirsch and associates, gender wage gaps should vary among densely populated regions and less densely populated regions. Using an estimating Mincerian earnings function that controls for individual characteristics and reflecting the productivity of the worker, we are able to get the ceteris paribus of the gender pay gap that will not be able to be explained by any differences in the productivity of work ers. They also used the approach developed by Oaxaca and Blinder which estimatedRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality855 Words   |  4 Pages In general, the wage gap has narrowed at a slow, and uneven, pace over last three decades. Recent data shows that women in the American workforce earn 77 cents for every dollar a man earns (Trevino). The existence of this â€Å"gender wage gap† has been an issue since women entered the workforce. The ongoing issue of the past has now become an apparent problem in our modern-day, progressive society. Women nowadays have opportunities that were not obtainable in past decades but must overcome, or ignoreRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality Essay912 Words   |  4 Pagespay† by Lanier Isom is about the gender wage gap. The gender wage gap is the difference between male and female earnings. Isom basically states in this article that the wage gap exists because of gender, however many experts state that the wage gap simple does exists do to a factor such as gender, but of multiple factors. These factors being that the statistics presented in favor of a Wage gap ar e incorrect and manipulated to seem correct. That the so called wage gap may be in fact do to the choiceRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesGender Wage Gap Lydia Ogles November 2016 Introduction/Abstract The gender wage gap has been a nationwide problem since women were able to enter the workforce. Women have begun to speak out more about the issue and evaluate what they can do to change the industries and how they personally present themselves to help this change. Currently there is a wide range of opinions on this issue, with some saying it does not exist while others think it will ruin the economy if not fixed immediately. This makesRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality1697 Words   |  7 Pagesto be paid less wages than men, but this paper will argue in the U.S. today the gender wage gap still exists. The definition of gender wage gap as stated by the U.S. government is defined as women who work full time or salary based jobs who receive less earnings than their male counterparts who work equal level jobs (â€Å"Equal Pay,† n.d.).[] This analysis will focus on the years of 2012 to 2014, and in these years it is clear that the gender wage gap exists. The topic of gender wage gap sociologicallyRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Wage Gap2375 Words   |  10 PagesThis is known as gender income difference i.e. the ratio of female to male median yearly earnings among full time year round workers. It is also the average difference between men’s and women’s hourly earnings, the gender pay gap has grown from 14.8 per cent last year to 19.7per cent this year, overtime not included.( Warren 2005) .Studies have shown that this gap has increased over the years, hence widening the gap in the society. These figures must act as a wake-up call for the government. Women’s

The Effect Of Cortisol And Sleep On Memory - 1262 Words

Question Bennion, Steinmetz, Kensinger, and Payne (2013) addressed the overarching question of how cortisol, sleep, and emotional arousal interact to influence memory. More specifically, they conducted a study to investigate the following: 1) whether resting levels of the stress hormone cortisol affect memory consolidation differently for emotional versus neutral stimuli, 2) whether this effect differs following a period of sleep versus a period of wakefulness, 3) whether resting cortisol levels affect the relationship between attention to stimuli during encoding and subsequent memory, and 4) whether this effect, too, differs following a period of sleep versus wakefulness. These research questions were used to examine the interaction†¦show more content†¦Although the authors initially presented their hypothesis as a dichotomous outcome, there were several possible alternatives. Elevated cortisol could predict better subsequent memory for neutral stimuli than for negative stimuli or h ave no effect on memory. Cortisol could have a greater effect following the period of wakefulness than the period of sleep, or the Sleep/Wake condition could have no effect. Results could also show only main effects of cortisol, valence, and sleep, with no interaction effects, or cortisol levels could have no significant effect on memory, regardless of the valence of the stimuli or the Sleep/Wake condition. For the two research questions addressed during the second level of the study, Bennion et al. (2013) hypothesized that elevated cortisol at encoding would promote an interaction between attention and consolidation—i.e., that objects viewed for a shorter duration of time would be more likely to be forgotten, and objects viewed for a longer duration would be more likely to be remembered. They also hypothesized that this effect would be greater following the period of sleep, and that neural activity in memory retrieval would be centered on the limbic areas. This hypothesis also makes a reasonable prediction based on prior research suggesting that neural activity for mental retrieval centers on the limbic regions

Supplier Management for Case Study of Challenger -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSupplier Management for Case Study of Challenger Company. Answer: Introduction The primary purpose of this essay is to provide a detailed analysis of the three aspects of purchasing operations and management which include supplier selection and purchasing system evaluation, use of information and communication technology in conducting purchasing operations and purchasing cost analysis. Purchasing may be defined as a function of buying goods and services from external sources of a firm. The whole process of purchasing is always conducted by the purchasing department of an organization, (Amidoust, Ahmed, Saghfinia Bahreininejad, 2012). Purchasing management is a key aspect of an organization. Proper purchasing management enables enterprises to make informed decisions on whether to buy or make specific commodities, avoid stock outs, and maintain adequate stock levels, develop good relations with the suppliers and ensure that proper records of all transactions are kept, (Lin, 2012). The selected local retailer Based in Singapore, Challenger has been in operation in IT retail market for over 35 years. This company has received distinct reputation as the only homegrown consumer electronics chain with a large network of about 38 stores located island-wide, (Challenger, 2017). It was established in 1982 and is well known for its strong brand name, strong partnerships with major international brands and attractive. Challenger deals in IT products and accessories entailing brands like Hewlett Packard, Valore, Samsung, Acer, Asus, Canon, Toshiba, Nikon, and Olympus, (Challenger, 2017). The company buys these products from trusted suppliers and then stocks them in its stores, where customers buy them. It also offers services in bulk purchases, free domestic delivery for purchases worth 1000 dollars and above and purchases for occasions and special events like door and corporate gifts, (Challenger, 2017). Challenger mainly targets smartphone and computer users, who are dedicated to deriving value from their purchases, (Hachi.tech, 2017). These consist of students living in urban and rural areas and use Laptops, tablets, and smartphones for their studies and some companies and organizations who buy IT products for office and business purposes. The company's main strategy is based on providing high-quality products so that its clients derive a value for their purchases. The IT Industry faces a stiff competition as there are several companies providing the same IT products, (Rogers, 2016). Some of Challengers competitors include Best Denki Co Ltd., Pertama Holdings Limited and OA System Plaza Co. Ltd, among others. To remain competitive, the company has concentrated on providing high-quality products and venturing in e-commerce through its hachi.tech portal as its major, (Hachi.tech, 2017). It has also practiced partnerships so as to remain strong in the industry. For instance, the company has been working closely with Datapipe, so as to provide high-quality technology solutions, (Challenger, 2017). Challenger sources for its products from trusted suppliers of reputed companies such as Apple, Samsung, Acer, Asus and Toshiba among others. This has enabled it to continually win customer trust for its products. Criteria for supplier selection. According to Chen Chao (2012), suppliers are people who provide the company with different products. Supplier selection is a complex process which involves evaluation of supplier attributes, products, and congruence to the organization's values, (Meena Sermah, 2013). The best suppliers are those who offer goods that match or exceed the requirements of the firm, (Barney, 2012). Therefore, in choosing suppliers, managers must be aware of the specific business needs. Challenger sources its products from different suppliers. It uses multiple sourcing approaches in obtaining supplies (Challenger, 2017). This has enabled it to escape the disadvantages of single sourcing, such as high indirect costs and complacency of single suppliers. The company is, therefore, able to maintain competition, protect its customers during shortages, strikes and emergencies and maintain a strong backup source. The company follows the Peter Krailjics model in managing its supplies. It conducts proper classification of its products, proper market analysis to identify its competitors and consumer needs, strategic positioning of its products and outlay of clear action plans which enable it to source trusted suppliers, (Schulze, Seuring Ewering, 2012). In selecting its suppliers, the company considers the following factors: Competitive pricing: The main aim of Challenger Company is to make profits while providing its clients with high-quality products, (Challenger, 2017). Therefore, it majors on competitive pricing when selecting its suppliers. Normally, the supplier's bid and the company selects the best supplier based on the price range. Product and service quality: The Company sources its products from reputed companies with strong brands. These companies include Acer, Samsung, and Apple among others, (Challenger, 2017). The company, therefore, selects suppliers of high quality and genuine products who would help it maintain its brand reputation. Reliable delivery methods: Challenger Company has a wide range of stores where it stocks its IT products such as Phones, laptops, and Computers for its customers, (Hachi.tech, 2017). It selects suppliers who are able to safely deliver the supplies to its respective stores safely without damages or delays as required. Financial stability and credit strength: Most supplies are always delivered in credit. Challenger also sources its IT products in bulk at wholesale prices and then sells them back to customers at retail prices, (Challenger, 2017). It buys its products on credit, and the financial sustainability of its suppliers forms its major consideration. Criteria to be utilized in supplier selection. Supplier selection criteria Selected supplier functions a) Purchasing strategy The supplier must provide high quality and adequate products that would enable Challenger's customers to obtain a value for their purchases. Social of Processing Identify and understand the background and brand reputation of the supplier firm, so as to ensure quality high brands are obtained Optimisation Aligning suppliers base with Challengers supply chain goals. Keep seeking appropriate techniques and alternative strategies. Identify the quality of products offered by the supplier and whether the supplier offers after sale services. Globalisation Establishing opportunities for international suppliers and embracing diversity. The Company has done this through partnerships and expansion of its internet presence. Sustainability Conducting a continuous review and evaluation of suppliers. Obtaining new suppliers by expanding its range of products to include spare parts and after sale services For example, if the company wants to select Samsung company as one of its suppliers of smartphones, laptops, and appliances, the company will analyze the supplier before making a decision. After selecting the supplier, then the company should ensure that the delivery process is safe and convenient using the following steps: First step: The Company finds suppliers through a competitive bidding. The company then evaluates and selects the best supplier on a competitive basis. Second step: The supplier must meet all the prequalification procedures, (Stadtler, 2015). Normally, the requirements are based on the inventory management system and the reorder levels. Third step: The order is placed using SAP ERP system to selected suppliers. After placing the orders, the system is able to track all the purchases invoices and any payments made to suppliers, (Majadalawieh Marks, 2017). Fourth step: Ensuring that the ordered items are safely delivered and stored in the retail outlets. Fifth step: Inspecting whether all the delivered products are in good condition. The company also inspects the products in terms of specification, quality, and model. Supplier performance can be evaluated using a scorecard as follows: Category Metrics Quality Good quality Correct specifications Correct model Deliver On time delivery Early delivery Late delivery Partial delivery Cost Reduction of total cost per year Reduction of indirect costs Responsiveness Emergency requests can be delivered Compliance with terms of payment Customer complaints Industry capacity Availability of the product Insurance on freight Political events Customer complaints Number of complaints No customer complaints. Appropriate tool for evaluating suppliers. The main aim of Challenger Company is to make profits by buying IT products at competitive prices and then selling them at retail prices to the clients. The company uses SAP ERP system, which is a convenient tool for managing its supplies, (Challenger, 2017). This ensures timely tracking of supplies and ensuring that all transactions with the suppliers are recorded to eliminate inefficiencies, (Challenger, 2017). Although the company benefits from all the advantages of multiple supplier sourcing, I would recommend the company should adopt single suppliers for some of its products. This will enable it to easily achieve economies of scale and get supplies at discounted prices. Single suppliers are also more trusted in times of economic slowdowns as they can easily supply products to the company on credit, (Sawik, 2014). ICT for purchasing activities. SAP ERP system Challenger Company uses SAP ERP system, which allows for interaction between its various departments. ERP system is an important software in every organization as it enables interaction with different departments in the firm such as marketing, supply lines, quality control, and stocks, (Targett, Grimshaw Powell, 2013). It integrates all sections of the company and functions across the whole firm with a single system. The ERP system used by Challenger Ltd enables it to accurately keep track of its transactions. These involve monitoring stock levels in the stores, monitoring sales and assessing human resources, (Challenger, 2017). After the recommendations by Gartner, Challenger also landed on Datapipe, (Challenger, 2017). This is because it needed to avoid the uncertainties involved in automation and other concerns that arise from migrating to cloud environment. The internet marketing portal. As a way of increasing access to customers, many companies have embraced the internet and social media marketing. Challenger Ltd is not an exception to this development. It has tried to embrace internet marketing. This has been manifested through the development of hachi.tech, which is an internet platform, where customers can order products online, (Hachi.tech, 2017). Since the company has majored in e-commerce by developing the hachi.tech portal, I would recommend that it increases its relations with Datapipe's so as to improve the security of its operations in the cloud. The company would then be able to increase its market presence and expand its customer base. It should also combine SAP with Ariba network. This would enable it to strengthen its transactions with its suppliers and discover new business opportunities. SAP combined with Ariba network is a business software which enables adequate purchase management and direction of the entire operations of the workforce system, (Majdalawieh Marks, 2017). It will also be able to manage the entire procurement process and build an ethical supply chain, (Chang, Huang, Chen Hung 2013). Purchasing Cost Analysis. The main reason for conducting a purchasing cost analysis is to test whether the cost of purchasing items is reasonable, (Stadtler, 2015). Prices of commodities charged by the suppliers may fall into three categories- market prices, previous prices, and published prices, (Stadtler, 2015). Challenger as a company acts as a retailer, by purchasing products at wholesale prices and then selling them at a profit, (Challenger, 2017). Therefore it must clearly evaluate the supplier process to determine the cost at which it is able to purchase the products from the suppliers, without making losses. The cost of obtaining products largely dictates the prices at which they are sold. If a company spends less on purchasing its supplies, then it may be able to avail the same goods at lower prices to the consumers, (Bokor Markovits-Somogyi, 2015). Challenger Company uses total cost of ownership (TCO) model to determine the prices of its products, (Challenger, 2017). In this model, cost of products is done with regards to other costs associated with maintenance and ensuring that the products are in good condition, (Mahal Hussain, 2015). These may include service, maintenance, and administration. The benefits enjoyed by Challenger from adopting TCO include ensuring that all the costs associated with the business are identified and incorporated when attaching prices to the products, enhancing overall cost management, through proper cost planning and ensuring that prices of products are achievable by the customers, (Challenger, 2017). Although the company has adopted a TCO approach which is a good cost management tool, it has continued to suffer the disadvantages associated with this tool. These include lack of a uniform method of cost analysis and time wastage in trying to identify all the costs associated with all the cost centers, (Mahal Hussain, 2015). I would, therefore, recommend the company to adopt Activity-based costing approach to assign costs of its supplies. ABC model would enable the company to classify all the costs in their cost centers. In this approach, the managers of the company would be able to identify the specific cost centers so as to classify every cost adequately to avoid confusion and time wastage in conducting a cost analysis, (Bokor Markovits-Somogyi, 2015). In conclusion, Challenger Company is a leading retailer, dealing with IT products. Its competitive strategies which include the provision of high-quality products and use of trusted suppliers have enabled it to maintain high profits. The company also embraces IT in its supply chain management, through use of SAP ERP software. The company also uses proper cost management strategies, through use of total cost of ownership approach to attach prices of its products and select reliable suppliers. However, the company should also select single suppliers for some of the product brands so as to easily enjoy the benefits of receiving goods in bulk such as discounts. The company should also combine its SAP system on Ariba network and increase its relations with Datapipe to alleviate risks associated with automation. Although the company has adopted the total cost of ownership approach in costing its supplies, it should change to ABC approach so as to be more organized and be able to assign every cost to its cost center and avoid the confusion and time wastages associated with TCO. References Amindoust, A., Ahmed, S., Saghafinia, A., Bahreininejad, A. (2012). Sustainable SupplierSelection: A Ranking Model Based on Fuzzy Inference System. Applied Soft Computing,12(6), 1668-1677. Barney, J. B. (2012). Purchasing, Supply Chain Management and Sustained CompetitiveAdvantage: The Relevance of Resource?based Theory. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 48(2), 3-6. Bokor, Z., Markovits-Somogyi, R. (2015). Applying Activity-based Costing to LogisticsService Providers. Periodica Polytechnica. Transportation Engineering, 43(2), 98. Challenger. (2017, September 20). Challenger Help Center. Retrieved from Do You Have an Online Store?: https://support.challenger.sg/hc/en-us/articles/227036668-Do-you-have-an-Online-store- Challenger. (2017, September 20). Challenger Technologies Ltd. Retrieved from About Challenger: https://www.challenger.com.sg/store_locator?storeType=Challenger Chang, Y. K., Huang, C. J., Chen, K. F., Hung, T. M. (2013). Physical Activity and WorkingMemory in Healthy Older Adults: an ERP Study. Psychophysiology, 50(11), 1174-1182. Chen, Y. H., Chao, R. J. (2012). Supplier Selection Using Consistent Fuzzy PreferenceRelations. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(3), 3233-3240. Hachi.tech. (2017, September 20). Hachi.Tech Corporation. Retrieved from Shop full Range of Apple Products: https://www.hachi.tech/Lin, R. H. (2012). An Integrated Model for Supplier Selection under a Fuzzy Situation.International Journal of Production Economics, 138(1), 55-61. Mahal, I., Hossain, M. A. (2015). Activity-Based Costing (ABC)An Effective Tool for Better Management. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(4), 66-74. Majdalawieh, M., Marks, A. (2017, April). A Reference Framework for Enterprise ComputingCurriculum. In World Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (pp. 872-886).Springer, Cham. Meena, P. L., Sarmah, S. P. (2013). Multiple Sourcing of Supplier Failure Risk and Quantity Discount: A Genetic Algorithm Approach. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 50, 84-97. Rogers, A. D. (2016). Examining Small Business Adoption of Computerized Accounting Systems Using the Technology Acceptance Model (Doctoral Dissertation, Walden University). Sawik, T. (2014). Joint Supplier Selection and Scheduling of Customer Orders under DisruptionRisks: Single vs. Dual Sourcing. Omega, 43, 83-95. Schulze, M., Seuring, S., Ewering, C. (2012). Applying Activity-based Costing in a SupplyChain Environment. International Journal of Production Economics, 135(2), 716-725. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply Chain Management: An Overview. In Supply Chain Management and Advanced Planning (pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Targett, D., Grimshaw, D., Powell, P. (2013). IT in Business: A Business Manager's Casebook. Routledge.

Paul the apostle Essay Example For Students

Paul the apostle Essay INTRODUCTIONJohn Wycliff was a theologian and early proponent of reform in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century. He initiated the first translation of the Bible into the English language and is considered the main precursor of the Protestant Reformation. Wycliff was born at Ipreswell, Yorkshire, England, between 1320 and 1330. He died at Lutterworth December 31, 1384. John Wycliffs family was of early Saxon origin, long settled in Yorkshire. In his day the family was a large one, covering a considerable territory. 1324 is the year usually given for Wycliffs birth. Wycliff probably received his early education close to home. It is not known when he first went to Oxford, with which he was so closely connected till the end of his life. He was at Oxford in about 1345, when a series of illustrious names was adding glory to the fame of the university, such as those of Roger Bacon, Robert Grosseteste, Thomas Bradwardine, William of Occam, and Richard Fitzralph. Wycliff owed much to Occam. He showed an interest in natural science and mathematics, but applied himself to the study of theology, ecclesiastical law, and philosophy. Even Wycliffs opponents acknowledged the keenness of his dialectic. Wycliffs writings prove that he was well grounded in Roman and English law, as well as in native history. A family whose seat was in the neighborhood of Wycliffs home, Bernard Castle, founded Balliol College, Oxford to which Wycliffe belonged, first as scholar, then as master. He attained the headship no later than 1360. When he was presented by the college (1361) with the parish of Fylingham in Lincolnshire, he had to give up the leadership of Balliol, though he could continue to live at Oxford. His university career followed the usual course. While as baccalaureate he busied himself with natural science and mathematics, as master he had the right to read in philosophy. More significant was his interest in Bible study, which he pursued after becoming bachelor in theology. His performance led Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, to place him at the head of Canterbury Hall in 1365. Between 1366 and 1372 he became a doctor of theology. In 1368 he gave up his living at Fylingham and took over the rectory of Ludgershall in Buckinghamshire, not far from Oxford, which enabled him to retain his connection with the university. It was not as a teacher or preacher that Wycliffe gained his position in history; this came from his activities in ecclesiastical politics, in which he engaged about the mid-1370s, when his reformatory work also began. In 1374 he was among the English delegates at a peace congress at Bruges. He may have been given this position because of the spirited and patriotic behavior with which in the year 1366 he sought the interests of his country against the demands of the papacy. It seems he had a reputation as a patriot and reformer; this suggests the answer to the question how he came to his reformatory ideas. Even if older evangelical parties did not exist in England before Wycliffe, he might easily have been influenced by continental evangelicals who abounded. It is highly probable that the older type of doctrine and practice represented by the Iro-Scottish Christians of the pre-Roman time persisted till the time of Wycliffe and reappeared in Lollardism.The root of the Wycliffes reform ation movement must be traced to his Bible study and to the ecclesiastical-political lawmaking of his times. He was well acquainted with the tendencies of the ecclesiastical politics to which England owed its position. He had studied the proceedings of King Edward I of England, and had attributed to them the basis of parliamentary opposition to papal usurpations. He found them a model for methods of procedure in matters connected with the questions of worldly possessions and the Church. Many sentences in his book on the Church recall the institution of the commission of 1274, which caused problems for the English clergy. He considered that the example of Edward I should be born in mind by the government of his time; but that the aim should be a reformation of the entire ecclesiastical establishment. Similar was his position on the enactments induced by the ecclesiastical politics of Edward III, with which he was well acquainted, which are fully reflected in his political tracts.Wycl iffe wanted to see his ideas actualizedhis fundamental belief was that the Church should be poor, as in the days of the apostles. He had not yet broken with the mendicant friars, and from these John of Gaunt chose Wycliffes defenders. While the Reformer later claimed that it was not his purpose to incite temporal lords to confiscation of the property of the Church, the real tendencies of the propositions remained unconcealed. The result of the same doctrines in Bohemiathat land which was richest in ecclesiastical foundationswas that in a short time the entire church estate was taken over and a revolution brought about in the relations of temporal holdings. It was in keeping with the plans of Gaunt to have a personality like Wycliffe on his side. Especially in London the Reformers views won support; partisans of the nobility attached themselves to him, and the lower orders gladly heard his sermons. He preached in city churches, and London rang with his praises. The first to oppose hi s theses were monks of those orders which held possessions, to whom his theories were dangerous. Oxford and the episcopate were later blamed by the Curia, which charged them with so neglecting their duty that the breaking of the evil fiend into the English sheepfold could be noticed in Rome before it was in England. Wycliffe was summoned before William Courtenay, bishop of London, on Feb. 19, 1377, in order to explain the wonderful things which had streamed forth from his mouth. The exact charges are not known, as the matter did not get as far as a definite examination. Gaunt, the earl marshal Henry Percy, and a number of other friends accompanied Wycliffe, and four begging friars were his advocates. A crowd gathered at the church, and at the entrance of the party animosities began to show, especially in an angry exchange between the bishop and the Reformers protectors. Gaunt declared that he would humble the pride of the English clergy and their partisans, hinting at the intent to secularize the possessions of the Church. Most of the English clergy were irritated by this encounter, and attacks upon Wycliffe began, finding their response in the second and third books of his work dealing with civil government. These books carry a sharp polemic, hardly surprising when it is recalled that his opponents charged Wycliffe with blasphemy and scandal, pride and heresy. He appeared to have openly advised the secularization of English church property, and the dominant parties shared his conviction that the monks could better be controlled if they were relieved from the care of secular affairs. The bitterness occasioned by this advice will be better understood when it is remembered that at that time the papacy was at war with the Florentines and was in dire straits. The demand of the Minorites that the Church should live in poverty as it did in the days of the apostles was not pleasing in such a crisis. It was under these conditions that Pope Gregory XI, who in January, 1377, had gone from Avignon to Rome, sent, on May 22 five copies of his bull against Wycliffe, despatching one to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the others to the bishop of London, Edward III, the chancellor, and the university; among the enclosures were 18 theses of his, which were denounced as erroneous and dangerous to Church and State.The reformatory activities of Wycliffe effectively began here: all the great works, especially his Summa theologiae, are closely connected with the condemnation of his 18 theses, while the entire literary energies of his later years rest upon this foundation. The next aim of his opponentsto make him out a revolutionary in politicsfailed. The situation in England resulted in damage to them; on June 21, 1377, Edward III died. His successor was Richard II, a boy, who was under the influence of John of Gaunt, his uncle. So it resulted that the bull against Wycliffe did not become public till Dec. 18. Parliament, which met in October, came into sharp conflict with the Curia. Among the propositions which Wycliffe, at the direction of the government, worked out for parliament was one which speaks out distinctly against the exhaustion of England by the Curia.Wycliffe tried to gain public favour by laying his theses before parliament, and then made them public in a tract, accompanied by explanations, limitations, and interpretations. After the session of parliament was over, he was called upon to answer, and in March, 1378, he appeared at the episcopal palace at Lambeth to defend himself. The preliminaries were not yet finished when a noisy mob gathered with the purpose of saving him; the kings mother, Joan of Kent, also took up his cause. The bishops, who were divided, satisfied themselves with forbidding him to speak further on the controversy. At Oxford the vice chancellor, following papal directions, confined the Reformer for some time in Black Hall, from which Wycliffe was released on threats from his friends; the vice-chancel lor was himself confined in the same place because of his treatment of Wycliffe. The latter then took up the usage according to which one who remained for 44 days under excommunication came under the penalties executed by the State, and wrote his De incarcerandis fedelibus, in which he demanded that it should be legal for the excommunicated to appeal to the king and his council against the excommunication; in this writing he laid open the entire case and in such a way that it was understood by the laity. He wrote his 33 conclusions, in Latin and English. The masses, some of the nobility, and his former protector, John of Gaunt, rallied to him.Before any further steps could be taken at Rome, Gregory XI died (1378). But Wycliffe was already engaged in one of his most important works, that dealing with the truth of Holy Scripture. The sharper the strife became, the more Wycliffe had recourse to Scripture as the basis of all Christian doctrinal opinion, and expressly proved this to be t he only norm for Christian faith. In order to refute his opponents, he wrote the book in which he showed that Holy Scripture contains all truth and, being from God, is the only authority. He referred to the conditions under which the condemnation of his 18 theses was brought about; and the same may be said of his books dealing with the Church, the office of king, and the power of the popeall completed within the space of two years (1378-79). Wycliffe wrote, The Church is the totality of those who are predestined to blessedness. It includes the Church triumphant in heaven and the Church militant or men on earth. No one who is eternally lost has part in it. There is one universal Church, and outside of it there is no salvation. Its head is Christ. No pope may say that he is the head, for he can not say that he is elect or even a member of the Church.

Uncle Toms Cabin (1360 words) Essay Example For Students

Uncle Toms Cabin (1360 words) Essay Uncle Toms CabinUncle Toms CabinHarriet Beecher Stowe was born June 14,1811 in Litchfield, Connecticut. She was the daughter of a Calvinist ministerand she and her family was all devout Christians, her father being a preacherand her siblings following. Her Christian attitude much reflected her attitudetowards slavery. She was for abolishing it, because it was, to her, a veryunchristian and cruel institution. Her novel, therefore, focused on theghastly points of slavery, including the whippings, beatings, and forcedsexual encounters brought upon slaves by their masters. She wrote the bookto be a force against slavery, and was joining in with the feelings ofmany other women of her time, whom all became more outspoken and influentialin reform movements, including temperance and womens suffrage. The mainpoint of Harriet Beecher Stowe in the writing of Uncle Toms Cabin wasto bring to light slavery to people in the north. In this she hoped toeventually sway people against slavery. We will write a custom essay on Uncle Toms Cabin (1360 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The novel Uncle Toms Cabin focuses onthe lives of two slaves, who both start under the ownership of a Mr. Shelby,who is known as a man who treats his slaves well. Mr. Shelby, however,was indebted to a man of the name Haley, who is a slave-trader. In returnfor the debt owed to him, Haley wants two slaves one being the son of abeautiful mulatto woman named Eliza, and the other the devout ChristianTom, who is called Father Tom because of his sermons. Eliza is also a Christian,as are the rest of the slaves on Shelbys farm. Eliza loves her son dearlyand rather than lose him to the slave-trader she takes him and heads toCanada, where she can be free. Haley follows but cant catch her beforeshe goes from Kentucky, the state of the Shelby Farm, to Ohio. Haley thensends slave-catchers after her. He also goes back to the farm, and bringsTom on a steamboat to the South, a place where slaves are known to die,but Tom meets and makes a great impression on a little girl, EvangelineSt. Clare, or Eva as she is called, and she persuades her father, AugustineSt. Clare to purchase Tom. Augustine is a man against slavery, but toointelligent and idle to openly oppose it, instead choosing to let his slavesrun freely and do whatsoever they please, within reason. Tom is boughtas a man who works at the stable, and is the private driver of Marie St. Clare. Marie was a conceited woman who is too busy worrying about herselfto take proper care of Eva, which results in Augustine bringing his cousin,Ophelia, to take care of her and was the reason for his and Evas travelingon the steamboat where Tom meets them. Meanwhile, Eliza is taken to a Quakersettlement on the border of the slave states where she meets up with George,her husband, who is a highly intelligent slave. He escaped to the Quakersettlement by dressing as a white man, which he isnt very far away frombecause of his mulatto descendance. He then uses another slave to act ashis slave and makes it to the settlement after hearing Eliza, his wife,is there. They are soon told that men are after them, so they flee, havea confrontation in which one of the Quaker men pushes a slave-catcher intoa ravine. The catcher is then taken to a Quaker home to be tended to wherehe heals and decides to no longer be a slave-catcher. They then, dressingas two men and their daughter, as opposed to husband, wife, and son, ridea ferry to Canada. Tom, on the other hand, is enjoying himself at St. Clares,where he is having an easy life, until Eva becomes sick, and dies. St. .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd , .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd .postImageUrl , .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd , .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd:hover , .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd:visited , .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd:active { border:0!important; } .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd:active , .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1fa405866f399c9a46cdb2ea8043cddd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Exiles By Carolyn Kay Steedman EssayClare is deeply affected by this, and begins to think about his own mortality,and the rights and wrongs of slavery. After much reflection he decidesto initiate the freeing of Tom, whose wife, back in Kentucky, is tryingto earn enough money to buy him back by being a confectioner. Tom is overjoyedwhen hearing the news of his freedom, but St. Clare dies before he canfinish the proceedings, and Tom was sold at an auction before the Shelbyscan be reached, for they would have surely came and bought him back. Tomis sold to a man named Legree, the character of the average hard slaveholder,dirty, mean and ugly. Tom is then beaten to death before George Shelbycould come and buy him back. Tom didnt die scared because he was beingbeaten for not confessing the hiding place of two female slaves, and knewhe was going to heaven. One of these females and another woman that thetwo meet on the way to Canada are relatives of George and Eliza and meetwith them. They all eventually move to Liberia, a state created in Africawhich was created for free blacks. Uncle Toms cabin comes to representthe beauty and humanity of slaves, and Toms legacy of Christian faithand obedience. Stowe did a great job with this book. Whatis believed to be one of the influential books of all time, ranking withthe works of Adam Smith and Machiavelli, Uncle Toms Cabin became an abolitionistsbible. During its time it was revised, dramatized, and published often. The effect of her book on the north and everywhere in the US was unforeseen. The book was popular and caused abolitionism to run wild among northerners. The south hated the book because of its portrayal of its (The Souths)peculiar institution. It might have been influential enough to be consideredone of the causes of the civil war, by creating a greater number of northernersagainst slavery. It displayed to the north all the evils of slavery, bycreating human characters out of slaves, who were thought to be inhuman. Stowes ideas were that slavery is wrong, which is a correct assumption. A human should not be owned because we are not animals, plants, or minerals. Humans have souls and should and can not be owned by other r humans, becausethey are all created equal. Stowes style of staggering chapters aboutTom with chapters about Eliza was effective by showing hope in two differentsituations. Eliza hoped for freedom while Tom hoped for eternity. Stoweplays these two motivations of her characters off each other to projectthe point of the book to the intelligent. She emphasizes her main pointsthroughout the whole book, perhaps too much, but she was right in doingthis, too make sure no one missed the point. She is biased against slaves,oddly enough. She portrays the whiter ones as more intelligent and clever,as is seen with George and Eliza, and the darker ones as more slow-witted,for example, Tom. Stowe also did what any intelligent reader from the beginningof the book expects of her. She creates a chapter at the end reinforcingthe story in the book with historical facts, meaning that its based looselyon the real world. She seems to do her resea rch well for the story, andher perspective was rather open, backing up slaveholders as well as abolitionistsby expressing the slaveholders feelings of hopelessness towards going againstsociety, seen in St. Clare. She made the slaves more human and the slaveholdersappear to be morally wrong, but not by always using morally correct slavesand masters without morals. For example, Stowe creates a character, Adolf,the overseer of sorts for St. Clare. Adolf is a slave who is not morallycorrect he steals from St. Clare often, yet he appears more human for doingso. The slaves or human but not divine, as are the masters, creating asense of equality, which Stowe wanted to put across. She wrote the bookwell, choosing where it was best to put which idea, and making many allusionsto historical events around the time, which made her book more popularto the people of her time by involving other things they knew of into thestory. .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26 , .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26 .postImageUrl , .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26 , .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26:hover , .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26:visited , .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26:active { border:0!important; } .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26:active , .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26 .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u95346fdaf570aa893d6b12eab21ceb26:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Volcano EssayOverall, Uncle Toms Cabin was well written,organized, and historically accurate. Harriet Beecher Stowe used her knowledgeof the past to write a clear argument for the abolition of slavery, bycreating an interesting enough book to get her ideas to the common people. Her book was influential because it not only told her ideas, but becauseit states her ideas understandably, something not all writers are ableto do.

Medevil Times essays

Medevil Times essays After the year 1000, conditions in Europe again changed-this time for the better. The Vikings no longer endangered life and property. The Muslims no longer threatened western Europe. Instead, the European Christians carried war to the Muslim lands in the east with a series of "wars for the cross," or Crusades. But the most important change after 1000 resulted from the success that kings in several countries had in bringing the feudal lords under control and checking private wars. France Louis VI (1081-1137)-called Louis the Fat-heaved his bulky body into the saddle and personally led campaigns to punish cruel lords who abused their power. His grandson, Philip 11 (1165-1223), or Philip Augustus, appointed special officials, called bailiffs, who traveled within their districts keeping watch on the lords somewhat as Charlemagne's agents had done. It is interesting to note that a later king, Louis IX (1214-70), found it necessary to appoint other officials to keep check on the bailiffs-watchers to watch the watchmen. Louis IX was so religious that the Church in 1297 declared him a saint. Louis did his best to see that no man was treated unfairly in his realm. He would seat himself beneath a tree and invite anyone who had been unable to get justice from his lord or the regular courts to come and state his case. Philip IV (1268-1314), called Philip the Fair because of his fine looks, was not so good a man as Saint Louis. However, he did even more to make the king the real ruler of the kingdom. England The kings of England gained greater power over their feudal lords than did the French monarchs. This was partly because William I (1027?-87) was a duke of Normandy who had won the English crown by conquest. He took care that his local lords did not have too much independence or power. William the Conqueror did not want any other duke or lord to do what he had done. William's son Henry I (1068-1135) and great-grandson Henry II ...

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 21500 words

Management - Essay Example the Learner’s without properly citing the source of the work will be considered plagiarism and will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course, and may result in academic dismissal. Organizational commitment is a subject of numerous studies for decades, especially in the United States, in English. Even when the Hispanic population in the US has increased 57.9% from 1990 to 2000, little or no attention has been given to the differences in subcultures (e.g. language). Numerous studies have shown that organizational commitment predicts important variables including absenteeism, organizational citizenship, performance, and turnover intention. Additional studies have determined that Human Resources Management (HRM) practices such as compensation and incentives, performance appraisal, and training have the potential to influence employee’s commitment in the public and private sector, but research is needed regarding organizational commitment in the construction industry. This study will explore the relationships between employer-provided training, compensation and benefits, and organizational commitment of construction project managers in Puerto Rico. The population under study will be Project Managers of construction companies. The data will be collected utilizing a four-part questionnaire. As part of this study, the effects of gender, age, English or Spanish speaking, education level, overall project management experience, tenure with current employer and professional certification status on organizational commitment will be studied. Organizational commitment has been a subject of numerous studies for decades, especially in the United States, in English. Even as the Hispanic population in the United States increased 57.9% from 1990 to 2000 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2002), little or no attention has been given to the differences in subcultures (e.g. language). While there are several ways to define organizational commitment,

Discuss how two authers use language to extend their meaning Essay

Discuss how two authers use language to extend their meaning - Essay Example Melville's "Bartleby the Scrivener, A Tale of Wall Street" tells the story of a man called Bartleby, who develops a passive resistance to his employer. The employer feels it so difficult to cope with his employee's decision to disobey his master's orders. The tragedy arises from Bartleby's reluctance and inability to find out the reasons for his passive rebellion, and the employer's failure to understand and accommodate the reasons for Bartleby's resistance. Critics have given numerous interpretations for this work. Some have tried to interpret this work as a criticism of the psychological effects of capitalism in its 1850s form. Other critics argued that it is a parable of human condition in general. Any way the modern readership of the story is largely due to its capability to generate various interpretations. These various interpretations happen due to the numerous meanings that the words can bring to the readers. This can be done most perfectly by introducing an unreliable narrator. The narrator in Melville's story, the lawyer serves this purpose beautifully. Many critics remarked about Melville's use of this unreliable narrator. Lawyer himself admits that he is a man of assumptions, and his prejudice prevents him, in many occasions, to give the accurate details of the events. After some initial events, like the lawyer's description of Turkey's unpredictable behavior, it is clear for the reader that they need to interpret everything that the narrator tells. This gives a wide opportunity and scope for the readers. The narrator's final statement, "Ah Bartleby! Ah humanity" (Melville 2006), is considered as the most controversial statement in the story. Some traditional critics interpreted it as the statement of a fraud, who fails to measure Bartleby's essence or a sensitive penetration of a sensible man to the essentiality of meaning. These contrasting definitions points out to the language of Melville, which gives numerous interpretations to the readers. When referring to Moby-Dick, James Guetti has opined that Melville's language is "pervasive, special and artificial kinds of languageserve to draw our attention to the limitations of such language" (Guetti 1967). As in The Metamorphosis, a metamorphosis is seen through out the story is the case of language. This linguistic metamorphosis suggests the change of lawyer's attitude towards Bartleby at the very crucial juncture when Bartleby's passivity becomes a threat to the professionalism of the lawyer. At this point, the language of the lawyer to describe Bartleby becomes stronger than before. Now "apparition", or a harmless ghost changes to "incubus", or an usurper. (Melville 2006). There are many symbols that Melville used in the story, which turns out to be motifs rather than symbols. One such symbolism is the finding of the narrator that Bartley has earlier worked with the dead-letter office: "Dead letters! does it sound like dead man" (Melville 2006). The dead letters have many symbolisms. It acts as a metaphor of hard work and toil of the then emerging middle-class. Wall is another recurrent symbol used in the story. The office room, located at Wall Street, has walls outside when viewed through all the windows. Bartleby has a habit of staring blankly at the walls. The wall is a symbol for the psychological imprisonment of Bartleby. These symbols of failed communication represent

Mobilization of Bulgarian women after the fall of communism (in Essay

Mobilization of Bulgarian women after the fall of communism (in Bulgaria) - Essay Example In fact, Bulgarian women contribute higher population of work force than the males. On 1987, women work force comprise of 71.7% of the population while there were only 68.5% of from the male counterparts1. However, in the most recent years, the percentage of Bulgarian women's work force populace dropped gradually. This is because during the time that most women were part of the working population, many business establishments and/or employers have realized the broader roles that women had to play at home and at work. In Bulgaria, women have a wide range of domestic roles. Aside from the fact that they have to bear and take care of the offspring, they still have to manage all the household duties. They have to take care of the domestic needs of the husband and of the children. They have to ensure that all the things concerning household are well taken care of. Needless to say, domestic roles must come first before the women can attend to their duties as paid laborers 2. Before, because women were one of the biggest members of he working force of Bulgaria, the government have provided a number of benefits for the women, as a gratitude for their double-faceted roles in the country - being the "producer and the reproducer". This prompted for the establishment of maternity leaves in this part of Southeastern Europe. Moreover, alternative work schedules and child care were also formulated3. B But because there are more women paid laborers during that time, more companies had to suffer in terms of growth and earnings. More so, it was reported that although most Bulgarian women were so keen to working, they passion to work diminishes as they started to build their own family. "women place high value on women's paid labor as a source of independence and personal fulfillment; however, it also appears that for most Czechoslovak women a home and children are of greater importance than a job"4 At the same time, in response to the global perspective of working towards a market economy, more companies have to ensure that the company's allocation of resources is handled properly and efficiently. The cal for "stabilizing and restructuring measures including price liberalization, liberalization of imports, private sector growth, macroeconomic anti-inflationary policy, and internal convertibility" was enacted. The stabilization and structural adjustment of the companies established a series of change for the women labor force. Gradually, more and more companies opted to hire male workers than females5. The implementation of "neo-liberal type of economic restructuring" in Bulgaria has affected its women populace. There were reports rendering that "the marginalization and/or exclusion of women incurred by cutbacks in state-funded services such as health care, child care, family planning, education, and sectoral restructuring with heavy reductions in bureaucracy and civil services" was experienced mostly by women6. Further research revealed that eventually, Bulgarian women who are in the labor force

An ageing population problem

An ageing population problem An ageing population problem is when a country has a high percentage of old generation people. There is no doubt that the ageing population is becoming serious problem in human lives, and the population of the world is becoming older and this is one of the most significant demographic events in the world today. This is caused because of more common medical facilities, which can supply for sick or injured people quicker, and, because of advances in modern technology and scientific research, treatments for illnesses have been discovered. This means that people are more possible to live longer than they would have done in the past. The United Nations found that the ranks of 60 year olds and older are growing 1.9% a year, which is 60% faster than the overall world population. They predicted that by the year 2050, there may be four people age 15-65 worldwide. Currently the ratio in year 2000 is nine to one. These indicate that the elderly will outnumber the children (BusinessWeek 2005). Also, knowledge about good produces people healthier. No more than twenty to thirty years ago, the most valuable thing was just to eat. They did not care about food. But now, a majority of people desire healthy food.As a result, knowledge about food and health make people live longer. This essay will discuss about how can the government solve these problems, and what problems might governments face with an ageing population. The ageing of population occurs because the numbers of birth rates have refused, or are declining in almost everywhere and also because older generation people are surviving to enjoy longer lives. Nowadays, current peoples educational level is very high. So, most people are more educated about the foods they eat and about health in common. Most of the current people think â€Å"Health is the most important.†, and I agree with them. So, physical fitness has developed into big business all over the world. In the morning, many people exercise. For example, jogging, dancing and so on. Some people go to the fitness, health and Yoga club to control their health. A period exercise can avoid light or dangerous diseases. In richer countries, their birth and death rates started to decline in the 19th century or past. It leads to effects and problems which will show in below. There is main effect of population ageing. The main effect is slower economic growth. When a large part of the population starts to move from pre-retirement to the post-retirement age group, the effect is that it slowed down the growth of the working age population. This means that there will be lower growth in per capita incomes and lower growth in the total economy. It is believed that the results of working will be lower than before when young generation are working. On the other hand, according to the OECD, ‘older workers are more costly than younger workers, because of higher payment, fringe benefits and social payments. But some companies do not see this situation.   As the training payments for the younger workers will be far more expensive, companies are better of just keeping the younger worker. The following equation, provide by (Gemma, T, 2005) shows in the simplest terms the relationship that must hold between the numbers of pensioners and workers and their incomes: twLà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¡bR L is the number of workers and R is the number of retired people. w is the income of each worker and b is the income of each retired person, while t is the proportion of workers incomes transferred to pensioners. As the population ages, the ratio of non-workers to workers (R/L) increases (assuming that retirement ages do not change sufficiently to offset the rise in life expectancy). In 2004, there were approximately 4 working age individuals (aged 20-64) for every 1 person aged 65 and over. By 2056 this ratio is predicted to fall to about 2:1. The result of this is that one (or a combination) of the following must occur: 1. The incomes of retired people will have to fall relative to those of working age people (b/w falls), 2. The proportion of workers incomes transferred to pensioners (t) will have to rise, 3. People will have to retire later. This increases the number of workers and decreases the number of retired people (Gemma, T, 2005). As can be seen in this article, if the age of retirement is upping, the numbers of workers are increasing and numbers of retired people are decreasing. Another solution is that employ people who foreign workers. Nowadays, it is difficult to immigrate to rich country for them who live in poverty countries. If the government makes it easier than before, it will not be happen. According to David in this article, there are three of solutions. Make people work more. European countries will have to rise the retirement age and draw more people, especially women, into the labour force. This will require much more flexible labour markets. Let in more immigrants. But this is only part of the answer. If Germany were to rely on immigrants to keep its ratio of workers to pensioners constant, its population would consist of 80 per cent foreigners by 2050. Have more babies. This does not mean traditional roles for women. Italy, where few women work, has on of the lowest birth rates in the world. Feminism is the new natalism. (David, M,2003) It can be seen that it leads to many problems, there are three main problems. The one of problem is health care. It is widely believed that the elderly people is increasing nowadays, however, there is no enough place to support them to keep their good condition of health. Good health is about more than just physical wellbeing. Its about peoples happiness and mental wellbeing too. However, for example, in Korea, a lot of elderly people have to care for themselves even they can get a money from the government, because that money is not enough to live. In addition, they do not have opportunities to work to earn money. In my opinion, older people should have satisfactory financial security to continue their quality of life and wellbeing. People are living longer, and gradually more demand nursing care, medication and management as their health get worse. Nurses working with older people need to empathise that the older patient has had a lifetime of dealing with stressors and in doing so have developed a range of coping mechanisms which include cognitive, behavioural and emotional responses and methods (Morris, V, 2007). Thus, the government should consider that improved financial planning for older age, increasing older peoples incomes and reducing costs for older people. Many of the actions necessary to deal with these priorities are central government responsibilities. However, the importance of these issues is recognised within the county.   Ageing may be accompanied by deteriorating health, a declining quality of life and increased demands on the health services (Department of Health, 2005). Some people argue that spending money on the elderly is a waste of money; it is better to spend on the young who can still contribute to society, however, we must first look at the fact that the elderly were once the young and were contributing to our society. Without their effort our developed society, which we succeed in, may not have been achieved. The spending, on the elderly, could therefore be seen as the least we could do for all the profits they worked for to give to us. However, there is the other side of the coin. If we were to spend money on the young, it would possibly have benefits for our society in the future. For example, if we were to spend money on education we could try and make sure that the young would develop into highly skilled workers, able to compete in the global economy. The elderly, as we already recognize, cannot contribute to society and we could say that further spending is a waste of money, when there are so many more benefits when spending it on the young. We could therefore say that the time has passed for the elderly. Elderly people can abuse or neglect themselves by not caring about their own personal health and well-being. Elder self-neglect can lead to illness, injury or even death. Common needs that the elderly person might deny themselves or ignore are the following: Sustenance (food or water) Cleanliness (bathing and personal hygiene) Adequate clothing for climate protection Proper shelter Adequate safety Clean and healthy surroundings Medical attention for serious illness Essential medications (The Economist, 2004). Many countries already have occupied steps toward developing their old-age social insurance programs which can help them who elderly people. In my opinion, every country should have those programmes; it brings about elderly people feel more comfortable.   Another problem that the organizations face is the loss of knowledge resulting from older workers leaving the organization without passing on their knowledge to others. As greater numbers of â€Å"knowledge workers† retire, they take with them insight about managing key customer relationships, handling exceptions to critical processes and a host of other experiences that can cost organizations significant amounts of time, energy and resources to recreate or replace. This will cause the organization to repeat their past mistakes and expose itself to additional financial and operational risk. General Kofi Adnan, United Nation secretary, said that â€Å"in Africa, it is said that when an old man dies, a library disappears† (BusinessWeek 2005). Finally, the government might be face with ageing population problems, thus, there are some solutions which the government should do. As this essay mentioned that age of retirement is upping, more babies and let in more immigrants. In addition, the government should try to find out more solutions. For example, the Australian government has three decision which are raise taxes for the young, It can use funds, which were to be used for other pressing long-term concerns e.g. environmental degradation and It can try to get the money to fund the bulge in the population by getting money out of them whilst they are still at working age. Also, campaigners for the elderly have suggested a number of solutions for the supposed problems. For instance the government could pay for long-term health care costs and the residential costs paid for by the individual. The government must also stress the need to younger generations to plan for their future by investing in private pensions as it has been estimated that around 8 million people in work are not members of occupational or personal pension schemes (Lg-employers,2004). In conclusion, an ageing population means that better and more general services will need to be created to supply for the elderly. If society is willing to change its attitudes on the elderly then in the future they will be treated with respect rather than a trouble.

Causes of Poverty in the United States Essay -- Poor Economy Education

Causes of Poverty in the United States The United States defines poverty for a family of four as being less than $16,036 per year, or $4,009 per person (Leone 12). People find themselves under this line for an innumerable amount of reasons. Some of these causes are under one's control and others are greater factors beyond an individual's power. Each family or individual person has unique and separate reasons for living in a state poverty. There is no way to try and define them all. Focusing in, three main topics arise that encompass the most predominant reasons for a person to fall into poverty. Education, family life and influence, along with the business cycle may work individually or together to cause poverty. These three leading causes are presented and discussed along with facts prevalent to the issue in the section below. Education and Poverty Education, or inadequate education or lack of an education, causes poverty. From the early years of preschool, into the years of K-12, without a college education and on into the work force people in poverty may never stop suffering from it if they do not become educated. The United States generally looks at education as a path to success but the people with the longest road towards success are not getting enough education. In the years before kindergarten, children form their basic thinking skills and children who don't learn these at home fall behind everyone else. In most cases children in poverty do not achieve these skills to the extent of middle-class children from their environment at home. When poor children enter school they are generally a year and a half behind the language abilities of their middle-class peers. Already children of poverty are behind in their ... ...ge & Family May 2002. Seccombe, Karen. "Famlies in Poverty in the 1990's: Trends, Causes, Consequences, and Lessons Learned." Journal of Marriage and Family Nov. 2000. Starr, Alexander. "The Importance of Teaching Tots; Given the strong evidence of its benefits to society, preschool education for the poor - and perhaps all children- is a must." Business Week 26 Aug. 2002. "Unemployment Rate of Persons 16 Years Old and Over, by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Highest Degree Attained, 1996, 1997, and 1998" Digest of Education Statistics1999. National Center for Education Statistics March 2000. U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States. 2001 Weir, Margaret. "Race and Urban Poverty." Brookings Review Summer 1993. Yapa, Lakshman. "What causes Poverty? A post-modern view." Annals of the Association of American Geographers Dec. 1996. Causes of Poverty in the United States Essay -- Poor Economy Education Causes of Poverty in the United States The United States defines poverty for a family of four as being less than $16,036 per year, or $4,009 per person (Leone 12). People find themselves under this line for an innumerable amount of reasons. Some of these causes are under one's control and others are greater factors beyond an individual's power. Each family or individual person has unique and separate reasons for living in a state poverty. There is no way to try and define them all. Focusing in, three main topics arise that encompass the most predominant reasons for a person to fall into poverty. Education, family life and influence, along with the business cycle may work individually or together to cause poverty. These three leading causes are presented and discussed along with facts prevalent to the issue in the section below. Education and Poverty Education, or inadequate education or lack of an education, causes poverty. From the early years of preschool, into the years of K-12, without a college education and on into the work force people in poverty may never stop suffering from it if they do not become educated. The United States generally looks at education as a path to success but the people with the longest road towards success are not getting enough education. In the years before kindergarten, children form their basic thinking skills and children who don't learn these at home fall behind everyone else. In most cases children in poverty do not achieve these skills to the extent of middle-class children from their environment at home. When poor children enter school they are generally a year and a half behind the language abilities of their middle-class peers. Already children of poverty are behind in their ... ...ge & Family May 2002. Seccombe, Karen. "Famlies in Poverty in the 1990's: Trends, Causes, Consequences, and Lessons Learned." Journal of Marriage and Family Nov. 2000. Starr, Alexander. "The Importance of Teaching Tots; Given the strong evidence of its benefits to society, preschool education for the poor - and perhaps all children- is a must." Business Week 26 Aug. 2002. "Unemployment Rate of Persons 16 Years Old and Over, by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Highest Degree Attained, 1996, 1997, and 1998" Digest of Education Statistics1999. National Center for Education Statistics March 2000. U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States. 2001 Weir, Margaret. "Race and Urban Poverty." Brookings Review Summer 1993. Yapa, Lakshman. "What causes Poverty? A post-modern view." Annals of the Association of American Geographers Dec. 1996.

Mba Second Semester Curriculum

MBA(EXEECUTIVE/RETAIL) II SEMESTER BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ASSIGNMENT-I 1 Discuss how does the environment acts as a stimulant to business. Analyse why business often does little for physical environment preservation despite the fact that it is significant for business activity. 2. Analyse the Monetary and Fiscal Policies practiced in India in recent years. How far shall they be effective in curtailing the recent spurt in inflation? 3. How far does Indian corporate discharge its social responsibilities?Illustrate your answer with suitable examples 4. Do you think that the present economic environment is favourable to business? Discuss and give your suggestions. Describe the various components of external environment that influence the business policy of an organization. 5. Explain the industrial policy of Indian government and changes that happened from 1980 till date. Why is year 1991 a watershed year in the economic history of india? ist and explain in detail what changes and reforms have taken place since 1991. ASSIGNMENT-II 6. The Chief Executive of Samsung Electronics recently told its employees that, â€Å"We must begin anew. Most of Samsung’s flagship businesses and products will become obsolete within ten years. † This corporate strategy of reinvention would inevitably involve significant change for employees. Do you think that technology transfer is likely to be the biggest problem for a business that wants to reinvent itself?Justify your answer with reference to Samsung Electronics and/or other organisations that you know. 7. Mr. Subhash, an NRI of your locality seeks advice to invest his money by starting an IT based industry. Give suggestions to him regarding the investment friendly climate in Madhya Pradesh, in the light of new industrial policy of the State Government. 8. How does the change in profile of customers affect your business environment? 9.Elucidate the external environment of business and its components in the context of a c ompany in the retail sector. List some elements of external environment you would want to scan to improve profits of a retailing business you may own in future? 10. How many dimensions of business environment are changing for the banking industry. What measure does the central bank take to control inflation? Explain the impact of this change on business environment. ************

Public Administration Essay Writing Guide All You Need to Know

Public Administration Essay Writing Guide All You Need to Know Public Administration is a complex academic discipline that studies the implementation of government policies and prepares students for working in the public sector. The field of public administration has a diverse scope of application, including the management of public and state programs, the analysis of government initiatives, and appropriate approaches to creating alternative policies. Undoubtedly, public administration is a difficult discipline for many learners who eventually want to become public administrators and work at all levels of the government such as labor, energy, security, commerce, agriculture, and many others. Therefore, public administration essay writing provides students with an opportunity to enhance their skills, enrich their knowledge, and gain useful experience in the field of public services. Apart from understanding what public administration deals with, the following list of questions will help you become confident about your essay: Are you aware of public administration basics? Do you have the profound knowledge of the essay topic? Can you apply your knowledge in practice effectively? Are you able to explain government policies and regulations with the use of relevant public administration theories? Can you distinguish the main arguments and draw proper conclusions? How can your work be valuable in the field of public administration? Are you satisfied with the research ideas and subsequent results? Will you write an identical essay if you have a chance to change it somehow? With these questions in mind, you should plan your writing process, showing attention to every detail. Looking through this list of questions will help you understand your professor’s expectations regarding your future public administration essay. Before writing an essay, you should make up in your mind what you will write about and how you will approach the topic. The given guide is to help you with writing a perfect public administration essay. Choosing a Suitable Topic for a Public Administration Essay Certainly, there is a wide range of topics that can be used in public administration essay. However, your main task is to develop an interesting and original topic that will express as many points as possible. If you do not have a particular topic for your essay, you should create it by yourself. For this, you should be: Creative. Apply all creativity you can and let your mind wander along the most interesting essay topics in public administration. For example, if you take Medicare, namely the latest health care reform in the United States and write about its advantages and disadvantages for society, it will be an essay of little value and importance. Many professionals in public administration have already analyzed Instead, try to think big and write about how public administration approach to healthcare changed over time using the example of the Medicare reform. Try to be objective when analyzing facts and forming judgments. Choose a complex topic that will have different definitions and various treatments in the field. Perform a rational and unbiased analysis of the topic instead of listing the benefits of a particular matter. For instance, if you want to write your public administration essay about the death penalty, make it multifaceted instead of just criticizing or praising the reform implementation. Thus, you should attempt to show many perspectives, including cultural, social, criminal, and historical points of view, to show that you see a big picture concerning the issue. Open-minded. Do not focus on a particular area of public administration for your analysis. You should be open-minded and willing to consider different ideas when choosing a suitable topic for your essay. For example, if you want to write on drug control policies in businesses and cannot create a right topic, write about drug control policies in media, schools, religious organizations, or healthcare institutions. Remember that the more time you spend on your choice of the topic, the less time you will have for the writing process. Thus, being open-minded, critical, and creative, you will have more chances to choose a suitable topic for your public administration essay. Besides, the following list of topics will help you organize your ideas and make up your own title for an essay: The Influence of Public Administration Policies on the Public Interest; The Comparison between Fraud and Stealing as Popular Public Issues; The Practicability of Max Weber’s Classical Model Theory in Public Administration; Net Neutrality in Public Administration Discourse; The Connection between Public Administration and the Organizational Environment; Rourkes Views on Federalism and Bureaucracies; The Impact of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 on Policy Formulation; The Role of Political Pressure on the Success of Public Administration Services; The Main Causes of Tense Relationships between the Public and Political Leaders. You should also remember that whatever topic you aim at, it can encompass various disciplines as well, for example, Law, Politics, Business, or Economics. 3 Main Aspects of Public Administration Essay Writing Our Experts Highlight Before you reflect upon a particular topic that you have chosen, review the three pillars of the public administration essay writing: efficiency, effectiveness, and economy. Efficiency is a very important concept in the field of public administration that is highly valued by educational instructors. It means that you can wisely utilize your resources and demonstrate the relationship between them in the essay. If you can show the logical connection between your sources of information, your essay can be called efficient. For example, if you write about the pay and benefits package for social and government workers and mainly use the information from the National Security Agency website, it means that you don’t appropriately distribute the resources throughout your essay, and your work is inefficient. Effectiveness is also an essential aspect in public administration essay writing. As such, your professor is likely to assess the extent to which you achieve your objectives or goals determined in the introductory paragraph. If you manage to justify your point of view, your essay is effective. For instance, if you set a goal in your introduction to define measures of corruption and human rights violations, but in conclusion, you reflect upon methods for dealing with them, your essay is ineffective. Economy is a central concept in administration essay writing since it is vital to use the minimum amount of sources cited and the maximum amount of your personal analysis and justification. If your public administration essay is filled with many in-text citations, it will resemble a simple literature review. In particular, it happens when you write about a macro issue in public administration such as the range of governmental activities from failed states to complete socialism. As a result, your essay is full of in-text citations from different journals and encyclopedias. It implies that your concept of the economy failed. The Well-Developed Structure of a Public Administration Essay When you choose an appropriate topic for your public administration essay, you should look through and understand the structure of this type of assignment. It is true that the public administration essay structure is similar to the essay structure in other disciplines. The skeleton of the essay, which includes an introduction, main body, and conclusion, is the foundation of any writing assignment. The only difference is in the way you use your sources and present them to the reader. That is why it is significant to review all segments of your future essay in detail. Introduction That Works Well The main aim of the introduction is to present your topic to the reader and give sufficient background information about the major issues. As such, you should provide your rationale behind the work and demonstrate its significance in the field of public administration. The introduction is designed to grab the reader’s attention and raise his/her interest. The hook can include a bold statement, surprising statistical data, or some quote from a popular public administrator. Make your introductory paragraph as concise as possible to provide only an overall review of your essay. The concluding statement of the introduction should be your thesis statement in which you present your position on the essay topic. In general, a thesis statement represents an accurate summary of the objectives you want to reach in your essay. It is one of the most important elements of the essay because it tells the reader what arguments you will justify in the main body. It is important to write a thesis statement in one sentence which will serve as a basis for your subsequent argumentation. To make your thesis statement as effective as possible, you should ensure that it directly answers the question of the essay and makes a claim that can be disputable. The following list contains examples of strong and effective thesis statements: In the field of public administration, the most significant organizational challenges include the advancement of technology, ethical governance, and human resource management. A role of citizenship and benevolence in a fair public administration is discussed in relation to the main causes of the tense relationship between the public and politics. Corruption is detrimental to the welfare of the public administration domain due to wrong decisions, decreased public interest, and possible violation of human rights. Main Body That Develops Your Thesis Statement The main body is probably the most significant part of your essay because your thesis statement will not work unless you prove it using strong arguments. In the main body of your public administration essay, you should show how you analyze a topic. Every question you are going to discuss should appear in a separate paragraph. In addition, every paragraph should begin with a topic sentence in which you present your argument and a concluding statement where you decide whether the further analysis proved or refuted your argument. You should not add any irrelevant information to your essay simply to meet the word count. It would be a great idea to organize your main body in the way that more important arguments appear first. Conclusion That Completes Your Essay Logically After your essay is finished, you come to writing a conclusion as a logical completion. In other words, frame your analysis in the best logical way to make your work more appealing to the reader in conclusion. Hence, you should restate your thesis statement and summarize the main arguments mentioned in the essay body. Logically, your conclusion should show the results of all findings briefly. You should consider the conclusion as the last opportunity to convince your professor that your essay is efficient and effective at the same time. Thus, it deserves a good grade. Remember that you cannot introduce new concepts and ideas that are not mentioned in the main body of your essay. Instead, you should focus on the essential arguments of the public administration essay and formulate the ultimate meaning. General Public Administration Essay Recommendations on Citing If you already know how to choose a suitable topic, structure your essay, and express your thoughts proficiently, you should know how to choose and use information sources. In the process of writing a public administration essay, you will significantly rely on the others’ ideas. Indeed, it is vital to cite them in the text correctly. A list of references used in the essay can contain various scholarly books, scientific articles, and online articles from educational and governmental websites. You should note that the extended information about the used sources should be placed on the last page of your essay. Additionally, organize your bibliography in an alphabetical order. Remember that each time you use the opinion of other people, you should cite it according to the rules of referencing. Every piece of information that is not the common knowledge should be cited in your public administration essay to avoid plagiarism issues. Example of the in-text citation in MLA style: The modern public administration is independent of social and political systems, representing a cooperative group effort in a public setting (Fry and Raadschelders 56). Example of the in-text citation in APA style: The integral view on public administration was endorsed by L.D. White and Dimock who supported radical actions plans and reform processes (Fry Raadschelders, 2014). Example of the extended reference in MLA style: Fry, Brian R., and Jos C. N. Raadschelders. Mastering Public Administration: from Max Weber to Dwight Waldo. Sage, 2014. Example of the extended reference in APA style: Fry, B. R., Raadschelders, J. C. (2014). Mastering public administration: From Max Weber to Dwight Waldo. Los Angeles: Sage. Proofreading Tips You Need Right Now to Improve Your Essay After you write your public administration essay and identify the main sources, it is important to check your essay for different errors you can make as a budding specialist in writing. Remember that you cannot use the first person â€Å"I† and â€Å"We† in your essay because it will make your work more informal. All statistics, ideas, facts, and statements should be presented in a scholarly manner. Examine the paper content.   Double check whether your essay looks appealing and raises the reader’s interest. You also should check the consistency of your paper and assess the effectiveness of your analysis. All information presented in your public administration essay should be up to a point and in its place. Get rid of all possible mistakes in grammar, syntax or punctuation. The correct writing of words in a rush can be one of the obstacles in the academic way to get high marks. You can’t let yourself to spoil the student’s reputation by making a mistake in some words, for example, in ‘achieve’, ‘beginning’, ‘environment’ or in any other words from the list of common spelling mistakes. Use these public administration essay writing prompts to produce an excellent academic paper that is worthy of high marks. Being supported in academic writing helps you make progress not mistakes. References A Short List Of Interesting And Unusual Public Administration Research Paper Topics. (2017).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved from biodieseluniversity.org/original-topis-for-a-public-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   administration-research-paper.jsp Bibliographies in Public Administration. (2016). Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/aspa/unpan020143.pdf Fifteen Topic Ideas for Creating a Great Research Paper in Public Administration. (2016).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved from shawndaviswrites.com/a-list-of-research-paper- topics-in-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   public-administration Fry, B. R., Raadschelders, J. C. (2014). Mastering public administration: From Max Weber to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dwight Waldo. Los Angeles: Sage. Public Administration Dissertations. (2018). Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/pubadmin_theses/ Research Guides: Public Affairs, Public Service, and Public Administration: Home. (2018).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved from https://libguides.rutgers.edu/c.php?g=336441p=2265877 Writing Centre Resource Guide: Home. (2017). Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://dal.ca.libguides.com/c.php?g=257176p=1718033

Fungi essays

Fungi essays What are the fungi? Mushrooms, molds, yeasts, athlete's foot diseases, rusts, and smuts All are filamentous or unicellular. Individual filaments are termed hyphae. A mass of hyphae is the mycelium (the feeding stage) Walls of the filaments are of cellulose with chitin Cells are eucaryotic; that is, they contain nuclei, mitochondria, other organelles Nutritionally, all fungi are heterotrophic, mostly aerobic Saprophyticlive off dead organic matter Parasiticobtain nutrients by penetrating tiny branches (haustoria) into a host Sexualgametangia produce sperms and eggs Decomposers of organic materialsimportant recyclers of matter The representative genus I shall use is Saprolegnia (can be collected from freshwater habitats by using apple baits in wire cage) A true mycelium, of tubular threads The hyphae have 2N nuclei (numerous) Mycelium grows and sooner or later reproduces Zoospores are released, attach to a food particle, germinate to become hyphae, then mycelium The same mycelium that produced the sporangia now forms the sex organs Antheridia> sperms (gametes) Gamete fusion occurs in the oogonium Zygotes are released, germinate, attach to a food mass. Mycelium feeds, grows, eventually reproduces See page 532 in your text for the life cycle. ...

Violence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Violence - Research Paper Example It was a role that only become more complex following the age of American slavery, when the woman of color was not just a servant or a woman, but a sexual tool to be used at will by whichever man has current rights to her. The question of the modern age, then, can be put in terms of who has control of the woman’s sexuality, the woman or the man who ‘owns’ her. This struggle over who has control of the woman’s sexuality is one of the primary themes that runs through Alice Walker’s novel The Color Purple. As Celie develops from an oppressed black woman of the South to a liberated woman of the modern age, the elements of symbolic sexism are exposed both within the novel. Alice Walker’s novel The Color Purple (1982), investigates the black American woman’s experience of double oppression, first as a black person and then, more significantly, as a woman, elements that are present to different degrees within the film version (1985). The main character, Celie, is presented as a black woman heavily oppressed, trained early to be subservient and completely conventional in her ideas as a result. Through epistolary segments, the maturation process of Celie is revealed in letters to God until Celie can’t accept Him as a protective figure anymore and then Nettie, Celie’s sister, upon her discovery that Nettie is still alive. These letters indicate Celie’s changing ideas and strengthening resolve to reclaim her sexuality and femininity as something to be treasured and something only she should control. Influenced by the appearance of strong women within her world, such as her step-son’s wife and especially the ‘wild-woman’ Shug, Celie is able to find inner strength and value she never suspected. By the end of the novel, Walker’s Celie has become a confident, powerful and successful business woman growing old in the love of her family and defining her own boundaries. The female cha racters sympathize with the male characters to the point where women ultimately relinquish the power and strength gained by the other characters in the novel, still illustrated through the traditional symbolic sexism that places women at the mercy of, or at least still anxious to satisfy, the whims of men. Within the book, Celie’s progression occurs in an obvious progression rather than the subtle movement of the character. Celie begins the novel in poverty of spirit and opportunity. As a young black girl living on a 1930s cotton farm in the South, she is isolated from the rest of her community and immediately placed on the bottom rung of society in that she is black and she is female. This means she is oppressed by the white people as well as oppressed by the black men. At 14 years old, her mother is already worn out from life and soon dies while Celie becomes her father’s new sexual and emotional outlet, a mere object upon which he can vent. While her emotions of gui lt, shame and despair as the two children he fathers on her are taken away â€Å"to be with God† are revealed in her nearly illiterate diary, these feelings never come close to being considered by those around her. â€Å"Not only was Celie’s initiation into sexual experience in the form of rape committed by her stepfather, but