CIS206 U5 Research Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIS206 U5 Research Assignment - Essay ExampleSome of these basic UNIX objects are much(prenominal) as files, devices, processes, file system layout, privilege, and groups and users. Files, for example, are where programs and data are stored, and the administrator has to monitor three attributes of files to wit user, dates, and sets of permissions. Processes are the basic units of executing programs in UNIX and can be in states such as wait for data, ready to run, or running. Processes are specific to users or groups, and this regulates who can send or access signals to a particular process (Malone 2011).Another aspect covered in the article pertains to the tools used by administrators. The origin identifies the man command as the most valuable tool for a UNIX administrator because it gives access to the online manual of arms pages. Other essential tools used by the UNIX administrator to administer the user environment are such as grep, awk, find, sort, uniq, sed, diff, head, tai l, and diff. The author also touches on how to monitor the UNIX system. Monitoring is done on a passing(a) basis in order to make changes whenever necessary. The administrator oversees some important aspects such as engagement performance, log files, available disk space, and running processes (Malone

Ideology And International Relations In The Modern World Case Study

Ideology And International Relations In The Modern institution - Case Study ExampleThe inter-reactions between new(prenominal) countries are only for settling disputes between themselves, and at the same time, the main question to be kept in mind is the choice of the monarch. there are many other(a) factors which should influence the decisions of individual countries, but all countries want to be self-sufficient first and effective for the improvement of a lot of their people and other people afterward. Till a few years back, there were two powers with one situated in Washington and the other in Moscow and they could non afford to fight with each other. This led them to battles in absentia in the Third earth and those were among the countries that were supported by one of the two superpowers. This led to run afouls among the two for the political allegiance of Asians, Africans, or Latin Americans. This was the method of promotion of the two so-called ideologies - capitalism or communism. The only possible alternative, which existed in places where these conflicts were not desired, was the Cold War. (Cassels, 1996, p. 207) Yet the development or reactions of countries were dependants not on their benefits, but the desire of the two leaders.Today, the conflict of the state has deteriorated further and all are based on constitutions which define the political authorities of the country, or the countries within the area. These consist of states, countries dependant on other states and tied(p) international organizations some of whom are even for the commercial benefit of groups of shareholders. It is they who control trade, control the flow of money and investment within the area, invade other countries within the area, ally with some groups for the benefit of their masters, intervene in the ongoing civil conflicts within other states, etc.

MACROECONOMIC and MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS Assignment

MACROECONOMIC and MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS - Assignment Example implore and supply f deedors Gazprom operates in the industry of natural gas. From the supply side the factors affecting sales of the participation and its lucrativeness be weather, demographics, economic growth, fuel consumption, storage and exports. From the supply side the factors affecting sales are strain capacity, storage, gas drilling, natural phenomena, technical issues and imports. The take on of natural gas has followed the cyclical pattern. It depends on time and season changes. The peak season of demand is the coldest months while demand is low in the hotter months although demand increases slightly in summer to meet the requirements of electric generators. The price of natural gas can affect demand of specially those consumers who have the capacity to switch the fuel of their dependence. An expanding economy tends to give rise to more demand for the industrial consumers. (EIA, 2008). The supply and the price of electricity will affect the demand for retail consumers. Re social organisationd electric industry is anticipate to keep stability in electricity price. Deregulation of marketplace for natural gas and competition may reduce the prices in the long run. WPA report states migration of population from southern to western states. Supply of electricity is required for the nations space cooling agency, energy is used for space heating, and migration may reduce the demand in these sectors. Stringent regulations on total energy efficiency can serve as the service hand in increasing demand of natural gas in residential and commercial appliances. scientific advancement in the form of application operated with natural gas may compete with the electrical ones providing a huge increase in demand. Market Structure A straight forward market structure characterized the market for natural gas prior to deregulation and unbundling of pipeline. (Natural gas, n.d.). The industry has change d dramatically in the present multiplication and exposed to choice and competition. Free market regulates the prices. Interstate pipelines offers on the components of beamation which is under the regulation of the federal. LDCs are continuing to offer bundled products although many states allow the use of distribution network but only for transportation. Producers or LDCs are the supplier to the end users. Marketers are present in the existing market structure. They serve in the process of mobilizing natural gas from producers to end users. Marketers can have their mark in sale and transport of natural gas. The simplified market structure is presented diagrammatically as follows (Natural gas, n.d.). The regulation of the environment also has its cause on constructing the market structure. The actions taken by the federal and the related agencies can have significant impacts on the functioning of natural gas market (The Natural Gas Supply Association, 2006). Requirements to compete in the market The market for natural gas tends to be profitable as they enjoy monopoly power. To maintain the profitable positions the company should prevent discriminatory and preferential service. Investments which are inefficient and strategies of unfair pricing should be avoided. The company should stop up service of high quality. Measures can be undertaken to prevent wasteful duplication of facilities. The company can act as a substitute where

Domestic Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Domestic Terrorism - Essay ExampleSpecifically, the set about aims to present the effects of flakes of municipal terrorists in relation to destruction of human lives, economic impact and creation policy changes in the country.One of the primary institutions in the country which is actively involved in canvass terrorist activities is the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The FBI classified terrorist related activities into three (1) terrorist incident (a violent act or an act dangerous to human life, in violation of the criminal laws of the United States, or of all state, to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in advance of political or social objectives) (2) guess terrorist incident (a potential act of terrorism for which office cannot be attributed to a known or suspected group) and (3) terrorism prevention (is a document instance in which a violent act by a known or suspected terrorist group or individual with the means and a proven propensity for violence is successfully interdicted by dint of investigative activity). (Terrorism in the United States 1999 ii)Domestic terrorism is also being evaluated in scathe of their motivation. Presley (1996) presented the delineation of terrorist activities according to the following motivations (1) religious convictions, (2) racial prejudice and supremacist goals, (3) anarchistic/anti-government/ politically motivated, or (4) in pursuit of unique special interests (p. 15). Contemporary research reveals that these motivations have specifically identified group classifications of domestic terrorism. These groups were identified by the FBI study as of right-wing, left-wing, or special interest orientations. Their causes generally spring from issues relating to American political and social concerns. (ibid. p. 23).In related documents, groups

What did my experience when I first went abroad or visited a different Essay

What did my experience when I first went abroad or visited a diametric culture than my own How did I overcome the cultural differences - Essay ExampleThe piece of paper trip was uneventful. When I arrived at the Vienna airport however I began to have a instant of culture shock. E trulything was written in Germannot in Russian I heard tons of mint around me speaking a language I didnt understand. I went to a workshop to buy some food and I could see all the magazines were different and there were many different types of food available that werent available in Russia. When I walked out of the airport I was surprise to see that the temperature was much warmer than it was in Russia. I wouldnt be needing all the winter string I had brought with me from Russia. I got in a taxi and explained that I wanted to go to a hotel in the downtown part of Vienna. It took quite a maculation for the driver to understand what I wanted communication with people was difficult. As we drove down the streets I noticed that there were many different models of cars on the streets. some people had more expensive cars than they did in Russia, for example.As I got to know Vienna over the bordering few days I realized it was a city of wonderful architecture and very genial people. I was amazed at how clean the streets were and how green the parks were. A big difference was the tone of voice of life of pensioners. In Russia many are very poor, but in Austria I could see they were substantially taken care of. Generally, people seemed to be happy and kind. I began to realize that I had been nervous well-nigh nothing.How did I deal with all of this? In the end I found my trip to be very enjoyable. In the beginning I had been nervous and unsure, but I made sure to keep an outdoors mind. I was curious about Austria and I wanted to learn more. I didnt necessarily conceive my own country was betterI wanted to learn. By keeping an open mind while traveling it is easier to adapt to a for eign

Triumph of The Will - film by Leni Riefenstahl Research Paper

Triumph of The forget - film by Leni Riefenstahl - Research Paper ExampleThe film that was purportedly made under Hitlers instructions (his name appears in the titles) contains extracts of speeches delivered by theNazi leadersand includes speeches byHitler that are intermixed with footage of the gathered supporters. The principal(prenominal) theme of this accusative was to instill a belief amongst the viewers that Germanywould return asa top-notch power under Hitlers able leadership. Despite the director Riefenstahls claims that the film was a documentary, later on its release in 1935, it was held as more of propagandafilm and was considered as one of the best propaganda films made in the history of cinematography.2 The techniques employ in the movie like creating distorted images using a long concentrate on lens, moving cameras, use ofaerial photography, and the innovative mix of cinematography with music (a new and revolutionary concept at that time) turned it into one of t hegreatest films ever made.3 The film won many awards in Germany and in other parts of the world, the US,and it continues to influence documentaries and films even out in the twenty-first century.4 This research paper explores the various facets of the movie, examines the concepts of art, documentary and propaganda, and analyses what transforms a documentary into a propaganda film. It will review various available literatures to derive that this film, despite claims by the director, is a documentary propaganda that attempted at portraying the Third Reich in a positive light. password Films used as a popular medium for propaganda Propaganda manifests itself in various ways and during the years earlier to WWII (1930s) its shape was framed by the place where it occurred, that is, Germany or the UK (the two main powers during the WW era). This is evident in the movies dark Mail by Harry Watt and Basil Wright, and Triumph of the Will by Leni Riefenstahl that revealed various ways in which propaganda atomic number 50 be used to influence viewers. Propaganda has a negative outlook from an overall perspective, accustomed its adverse effect on mass viewers as well as individual audiences, which is evinced even in the 21st century. The term by itself tends to carry a disagreeable connotation however, propaganda (under any conditions) can be classified as good or unpleasant depending on the benefits of the cause being depicted through it and the degree of correctness of the information that is being relayed. In this context, it is interesting to note what Barnays wrote in his essay, In itself, the word propaganda has certain technical meanings which, like most things in this world, are neither good nor abominable but custom makes them so.5 He defined the process as a consistent, enduring endeavour to create or shape events to influence the relations of the public to an enterprise, idea or groupThis give of creating circumstances and of creating pictures in tem minds of spate is very commonSometimes the effect on the public is created by a professional propagandist, sometimes by an amateur deputed for the job. The important thing is that it is universal and continuous and in its sum total it is regimenting the public mind every bit as much as an phalanx regiments the bodies of its soldiers.6 Propaganda, which through the different eras were used to to produce and spread fertile messages that, once sown, will stock in large human cultures, took in a new form in 20th century, where propaganda were used mainly by the ruling political orders and desire to pass information that would sway relevant groups of people in order to accommodate their agendas.7After the Lumiere brothers (1896) successfully used a film for propaganda, it became a popular dick for the various state governments and other non-state actors

Introduction to counselling- module 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Introduction to counselling- module 3 - Essay ExampleNeeds which could be found at the higher levels of the hierarchy are not strongly geared towards physical survival, instead their focus are more on the psychological wellbeing and growth. These needs cast off lesser power in motivating item-by-items and they are more influenced by the individuals life experiences and even formal education. The ensuing hierarchy of needs is frequently portrayed as a benefit, with physical survival needs situated at the bottom of at the foundation of the pyramid whereas the needs for self-actualization are situated at the top.During the time the hierarchy of needs was developed, psychology in the early on 1960s was dominated by two views of human carriage. These views are the behaviorist as well as the psychoanalytic. The psychoanalytic view places its emphasis on the unconscious conflicts and makes, drawing a lot of of its conceptions from case studies of neurotic people. On the other hand, t he behaviorist view places more attention on the function of learning and generated a lot of its principles from observations of animal behavior. Maslow put forward the observation that the psychoanalysts fell short to take into account the behavior of healthy human beings, at the same time as the behaviorists were very mechanistic and basically took tick off of the subjective experience.Maslow possessed the conception that that no theory of human personality would be absolute without a systematic investigation of healthy functioning, in this case he ventured out to inspect the conscious motivations as well as experiences of individuals who are healthy. One essential result was that psychologically healthy people have more tendencies to put into account what Maslow referred to as peak experiences. Maslow described a peak experience as one in which the individual loses a sense of place and time and goes through a brief feeling of harmony

The economic crisis and the city of London Essay

The economical crisis and the urban center of London - Essay Examplen just the financial market besides it is in addition a hub of extraordinary financial innovation as substantially as the ability to evolve overbold ways of life in which society real flourishes. The current financial crisis therefore has also striking hard the city of London- the first major financial hub of the world. City has remained an active participant in the overall financialization of the British parsimoniousness and played major part as a market to fill the infract betwixt demand and supply of funds. (Klimecki, 2011).This rise to the fame however, took place gradually due to de-regulation of banking sector which many post groups are now demanding to be regulated again. The current crisis therefore is not only resulting into loss of jobs but the overall prestige of worlds first financial hub. Banks as important segment of the preservation Banks play important role in preservation because they set as the intermediary between besidesrs and consumers. By playing the role of intermediaries, banks actually serve as a link between those who want to save and those who want to borrow. This role therefore has allowed banks to become one of the most important segments of any saving. It is critical to discover that the existence of banks often serve the economic purposes of channeling the savings of those who want to save to those who want to borrow. By doing so, banks actually help other sectors of the economy to access a large pool of funds which can be used for the expansion purpose. Banks therefore serve not only as the creators of money within an economy but also provide essential economic support to other sectors of the economy. (Rubinstein, 1993) The history of banking in UK is to a greater extent than 400 years old when first banks started to operate during 17th century. Over the period of time, the sector grew... This make-up presents the comprehensive analysis of pos t-crisis role of the banking system in the UK economy. The essay also outlines the political connections of the London citys financial district with the ruling Conservative party.What started as a simple subprime mortgage crisis late engulfed the whole economy and created the contagion effect on other sectors of economy also. The inter-linked nature of modern economy has created a chain reaction of events in which bad performance in one segment of the economy also affected other segments.The presence of almost all international financial institutions as well as other major financial institution. has given a unique significance to London as a major global financial hub. Banks play important role in economy because they serve as the intermediary between savers and consumers. By playing the role of intermediaries, banks actually serve as a link between those who want to save and those who want to borrow. The traditional organization of banks is based upon their links with the central banks and other regulatory organizations. In a highly de-regulated environment, banks therefore tend to focus on organizing themselves in a manner which can give them an opportunity to develop significant influence over the form _or_ system of government making issues. The current Conservative Government and Party are considered as one of the biggest beneficiaries of the link between the two as most of its funding comes from the financial institutions and private equity firms.

Cross-cultural business issues Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cross-cultural business issues - Coursework ExampleMost of them concentrate more on basic commodities, and luxuries such as extra hard engines whitethorn have a poor mart penetration. The national terminology is Chinese, and very few people understand English. This makes communication between the marketers and the Chinese nationals difficult. Translations from English to Chinese whitethorn lose some of the intended meaning and impact (Emery and Tian, 2010). Chinese people have a softened decision making and response tradition. They have to scrutinize every detail before making their judgment. The marketers weigh long before getting the response, which slows down the marketing process. Gender differences atomic number 18 experienced in china. manpower are regarded as social figures of authority, influence, and respect. Male marketers are therefore more effective than fe young-begetting(prenominal) counterparts. complaisant relationships (Guanxi) are family ties, relationships with strangers, and relationships with familiar people. Marketers go forth be regarded as strangers at first. The Chinese people have fiddling ties with strangers, and may fail to communicate with them. This will hamper effective marketing for the engines. However, these ties may improve with fourth dimension when the two parties become more familiar with each other(a). Cross-cultural communication refers to the use of language during marketing. In china, the Chinese language is dominant, and a larger percentage of the population does not understand English. The marketing round has to engage the Chinese in word of mouth. This occurs during discussions for customer expectations, satisfaction, and product quality. English marketers may fail to exempt all engine qualities or collect all expectations from the customers. Translators are required, which increases the marketing cost and the process may take longer. Marketing also requires advertisements through billboards, television , radio, internet, and newspapers. The advertisements are in Chinese language or a combination of both. Translations from English to Chinese lose some of the intended meaning affecting the impact of the products on the consumers. The locals have to develop friendship with foreigners before they interact with them according to guanxi. Cultivating these relationships may involve dining with them or attending their social gatherings. This prolongs the marketing period (Emery and Tian, 2010). Ethnocentrism refers to reluctance to accept foreign goods. The Chinese people are reluctant to accept foreign goods, and the company requires promotions, marketing slogans, and staff training. Slogans used should not conflict with their beliefs. mental faculty training helps the marketers understand the culture of the locals to avoid conflicts due to different perceptions. Female marketers have to engage with the male citizens differently compared to the male marketers. Effective communication re quires empathy. The two parties must try to understand each others ideas, feelings, and experiences. The Chinese people may be reluctant to share their ideas, expectations or feelings with the Americans. The company will therefore take long to understand the customer expectations, and the products will take long before market establishment. Cross cultural ethical differences have significant impacts on marketing. Gift giving in china is a sign of respect and business etiquette. The gifts however require careful choice to avoid influencing the decisions of the recipient. In such cases, the gift is considered as a bribe,

Natural Resources, Conflict, and Conflict Resolution Research Paper

Natural Resources, Conflict, and Conflict Resolution - Research Paper theoretical accountThis theoretical cause is very clear and appropriate for this paper. It specifies important aspects of the issue which render explanations and foundations for discussion. This theoretical argument help sets the tone for the rest of the discussion as it bears to mind the direction of the politics as it unfolds in the Chad. In order to tentatively answer the issue raised in this paper, the author raised diametrical possible mechanisms which apply to the paper. In applying such possibilities to the study, the author considered the possibility that econometric work can tho create correlations and that qualitative work is needed in order to identify the mechanisms which are underneath these correlations (Humphrey, 2005). It is difficult to evaluate whether the author meant this statement as a hypothesis or a tentative precondition for the problem/issue which was raised. Nevertheless, the stateme nt presents a possible direction for the discussion to take in basis of answering the issues raised by the research study. The study also mentions six possible mechanisms which explain the race between war or conflict and resources. These mechanisms include greedy rebels mechanism, greedy eruptsiders mechanism, grievance mechanism, feasibility mechanism, wan states mechanism, sparse networks mechanism (Humphrey, 2005). These mechanisms have been laid out as tentative considerations for this research. They help lay out possible directions for research in terms of impact on war/conflict as wedge by resources. For purposes of this study, the researcher chose the rebel greed mechanism as a means of explaining the issue event of this discussion (Humphrey, 2005). This mechanism was chosen based on its applicability to the points raised during the analysis of Chad. In this mechanism, home(prenominal) groups are seen to engage in quasi-criminal activities in order to benefit from res ources independent from the state. To some extent, these rebels seek origin through these resources and they want to further their ends by seeking

Interpersonal Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

social discourse - Research Paper ExampleThe talk process differs from person to person. Each person, group or organization has a unlike approach and technique of communicating ideas, views and messages. The communication process in habit depends on the availability of resources, skills and discernment of the members. This paper aims to analyze the fundamental elements of communication, the effect of self-concept, perceptions, listening habits, delivery differences and non-verbal elements on communication. Furthermore this paper ends up creating a discussion on personal methods to crock up the communication barriers and strategies to arouse healthy interpersonal communication and relationships. II. Main Points A. Elements of Communication Process and their Importance 1. A brief intromission to the elements and their relevant importance in the communication process 2. Factors affecting Communication Process B. Role of Self-Concept and learning in Communication 1. Self-Concep t and Perception with definition 2. The positive and negative impacts on communication C. Non-Verbal elements 1. The effects of non-verbal elements on Communication 2. The evaluation of environment, noise and other distractions on Communication D. Language Differences & Listening Skills 1. The effects of language differences and listening skills on communication patterns 2. Impacts of these elements on communication effectiveness E. Resolving Communication Barriers 1. Personal Methods to resolve barriers 2. Strategies to promote Healthy interpersonal communication III. Summary 1. The main sets covered in the paper and the strategies proposed IV. evidence 1. An insight on the effects of factors which influence the communication barriers 2. A list of recommendations to avoid those barriers 3. Strategies to adopt in order to promote effective interpersonal communication Student Name Ramona L. Mata CA104 Interpersonal Communication 20 July 2007 Interpersonal Communication Report Intro duction Communication is the tool to transfer and share thoughts, ideas and views. It helps in expressing the emotions, sentiments and feelings of a person. There are many factors that affect the communication process between people and groups. These factors take on the attentiveness of people, cultural diversity among them, age differences, gender distribution, personal skills including listening and comprehension skills, personal feelings and point of views etc. The communication process differs from person to person. Each person, group or organization has a different approach and technique of communicating ideas, views and messages. The communication process in use depends on the availability of resources, skills and understanding of the members. This paper aims to analyze the fundamental elements of communication, the effect of self-concept, perceptions, listening habits, language differences and non-verbal elements on communication. Furthermore this paper ends up creating a di scussion on personal methods to resolve the communication barriers and strategies to promote healthy interpersonal communication and relationships. Elements and Factors Affecting Communication Process Communication is an important part of our daily action. All dealings of our life varying from the smaller ones to the larger ones involve different aspects of communication pro

Vishnu-Mythology God Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Vishnu-Mythology God - Research Paper ExampleVishnu is responsible for sustaining and maintaining the universe. shivah is the destroyer who time and again annihilates the old order, so that new life can emerge. Vishnu is the most worshiped matinee idol amongst the Hindus, especially amongst the Vaishnavite sect of Hinduism. Even a cursory study of the Hindu philosophy and mythology reveals that it is non that the beliefs of Hindus were not based on logic and rationality evident in the ways of nature. However, to a great extent, standardised the Egyptians and the old-fashioned Chinese, Hindus preferred to personify their essentials beliefs and faith in the guise of mythological characters, gods and demons. This approach served many purposes. It allowed the comm atomic number 53rs to delay the eternal tussle between the exhaustively and the bad in a more than visually intelligible way (Pattanik 21). Besides, considering the fact that in the times when the essential Hindu theolog y emerged, it was common to disseminate phantasmal doctrines by word of mouth instead of writing them (Pattanik 21). So, the mythological characters and the stories and myths associated with them made it easier to spread religious beliefs from one person to other, from teacher to disciple and from one generation to other. Vishnu is one major god of the Hindu mythology that accumulated the awe and reverence of Hindus, in measures which supersede any other god of Hindu mythology. Iconography Primarily speaking, Hindu religion since times immemorial has been a visual religion. Each and every god of the Hindu mythology is associated with a definite form, character, and the accompanying weapons and accoutrements, which besides existence visually petitioning connote a specific and deeper content (Dimmitt 44). The forms of most of the Hindu gods have not changed since times immemorial, a trend that depicts the timelessness and eternal appeal of this faith. Like many other gods, Vishnu also has a specific form and look, depicted in the antediluvian patriarch and contemporary iconography, and cherished and elaborated on in the ancient texts. In the ancient icons and texts, Vishnu is presented as being blue colored. Simply speaking, the blue color of Vishnu depicts his all permeantness. The blue is the color of the sky. The ocean is also everlastingly blue. Also, both the sky and the ocean are endless and immense. Similarly, the blue color of Vishnu connotes that god is all pervasive and is present everywhere. Nothing could be hidden from the eyes of god. Also, Vishnu is a male god who is always shown as having four arms. These four arms of Vishnu again convey the all pervasiveness of god, but albeit in a more elaborate way. The front two arms of Vishnu convey his pervasiveness in the physical world. The two arms at the back of Vishnu uphold him as a master and lord of the spiritual world. Surprisingly, in this way the ancient Hindus it seems to have done away w ith the dichotomy between the physical and the spiritual existence, or in western terms, between the mind and the matter. In most of the icons, Vishnu is shown as wearing a crown that conveys his s all overeignty over the entire universe. Also, the earrings in both the ears of Vishnu convey the organization of the universe in terms of opposites that are good and bad, wise and foolish, big and small, beautiful and ugly and so on. Interestingly, while on the one side goodness, science and beauty are shown as the accessories of Vishnu, he is equally adorned by evil, pettiness and ugliness. This in a way conveys the Hindu philosophical belief that the Universe can survive

Researchers and laboratories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Researchers and laboratories - Essay ExampleOver in all, there is an expectation from this blusher node group that there be a cost effective and guaranteed delivery mechanics in the postal ser frailtys. Time is critical for them. But they atomic number 18 more particular about the time of delivery be committed rather than just being fast. In short, a fast, reliable and economical delivery mechanism is what is expected out of the postal services from this severalise node group.The courier service has been picked up as the business for consideration. This would work more like the postal services and would make use of the airline perseverance which would also benefit by introducing such a service. With the changing and dynamic scenario of currency exchange judge and international travel playing a major(ip) role in the airline industry, the courier or postal services will bring in a semblance of stability to the industry. Also, there are gaps in the airline industry which could m ake operation of the postal services profitable. Based on all these conditions, the airline industry is chosen to support the postal services that are planned for the purpose. In aver to evaluate the possible impact of such a postal service on the using customers and the major or key customers and what they look for in this business, a survey is planned. The following groups of people are considered key customers for the business 1. Researchers and two, Laboratories. These industries require delivery of a message or information from the researcher to the lab and vice versa swiftly as well as without any ambiguity. Therefore, the possibility that these people would become a key customer is high.Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of this work is to ensure that an beguile survey is conducted on a key customer group resulting in gathering relevant information that will help the management to make appropriate decision. The objectives of this project are to conduct a market research and survey on the usefulness and acceptableness of a postal service. In order to achieve both the aim and the objectives, it is important that an appropriate train or key customer group is identified. Secondly, a proper questionnaire is also designed for the purpose of conducting a survey. In line with this need, the following jobs are subsequently done.Key Customer GroupMany of the schools and colleges take over research fellows working under their stewardship. In addition, there are also researchers in private and populace labs who are also on the job of research. It will be impossible for the researchers to destiny their work with their otherwise(a) colleagues without having appropriate communication methodology. Though with the large scale increase in technology, namely internet and email, it is nevertheless found that there is nothing that would equal printed paper sharing and the ease with which one can share the printed paper. Therefore, it is imperative that this group of peopl e make use of the postal services more than any other group of people and it would be important for the postal servic

Leadership "Persuade five or more people to do some note-worthy Essay

Leadership act upon five or more great deal to do some note-worthy activity together for at to the lowest degree two hours that they would not otherwise do without your intervention - Essay ExampleMoreover, different external and inhering factors call these challenges (Recognizing the Challenges of Leadership, n.d.). The external challenges basin be ones softness to take advantage of the opportunities and inability to resolve conflict situations connected with the lack of financing or the presence of interpersonal problems. The internal challenges can be lack of confidence, impatience or intolerance. Depending on the leadership style, according to Wall Street diary (n.d.), those democratic, pacesetting, visionary or commanding styles influence leaders in their reaction on such challenges and decisions-making in a completely different manner.Recently I got acquainted with the volunteers at the shelter for homeless mass and they told me how great it would be if more people took cared of homeless and could contribute to the collecting of certain things for poor people or those disabled that have no possibility to leave their homes. For that reason, I have decided to conduct an informal meeting of my friends, former colleagues, in order to armed service in the shelter and in crabbed to gather clothes and food for homeless and poor people.Due to the inability to meet everyone personally and the bustling way of life of each of the team member, I have arranged meeting with my friends for further backchat of the problem. We agreed to meet at the same caf and I have prepared a short edifying speech so everyone would know about the purpose of our further help. Sofia, John, Rachel and Lisa were my former colleagues with the experience of administrative fashion and dealing with many people, while Ana used to organize different corporate events. Therefore, their professional experience would help volunteering at shelter. However, the root of helping to colle ct clothes and then deliver them to the shelter was not welcomed much. My idea of helping people inside shelter was also challenged. Sofia and Rachel were

Oppression in the Twentieth Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Oppression in the Twentieth Century - Essay Example much of the definition of oppression is attributed to its nineteenth-century roots. Particularly, the works of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx, and John Stuart Mill were pivotal in outlining the systematic nature of oppression, which has dread(a) influence in its modern forms. On the one hand, the works and philosophies of Gandhi, de Beauvoir, Malcolm X, among others, have added dimensions to oppression, updating its conception to contemporaneous twentieth century.Imperialism and colonization dominated the discourse on oppression especially during the early part of the twentieth century. From Africa, Asia to Latin America, there was a wave of liberation movements that demonstrated various experiences of oppression and the attempts to be slack from it. One of these experiences is the emergence of conflicts such as World War II wherein colonies were expected to provide affectionate bodies to fight in the frontlines as well as supply the raw materials and augment the war pectus of their masters. The wartime sacrifices underscore a form of oppression that has permeated since the previous century and has spilled over to the 20th. Then, individual experiences amidst the dawn of modernity and the increased contact of people from various part of the globe gave rise to the growth of nationalism. This aspect is highlighted in the case of Gandhi. He is one of the most vocal advocates of decolonization in Asia. Gandhis crusade for Indias independence from Britain was inspired by personal maltreatment as he was building his career in Africa as a lawyer. As a non-white person, he experienced being thrown out of resplendent train car, barred from certain hotel rooms and beaten for no reason but his color.Gandhis school of thought behind the liberation movement he launched underscored a kind of oppression India experienced in its birth with Britain.

Measuring Disease Frequency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

measuring Disease Frequency - Essay ExampleThis means that if the birthing process is in order, there stack be no odds or complications.c. On the last day of the school year, the number of fledgling college students who are at least 15 pounds heavier than when they started the school year. The measurement process that must be use is the so-called cumulative incidence from the start.1 http//www.supercourse.cn/new_scc/ppt/ppt_checkformat.phple..b. Shorter duration of health condition. Naturally, shorter duration decrease the risk prize prevalence since the number of cases which is usually included as part of the numerator is lesser. Resultantly, there will also be reduction in the prevalence rate.d. Loss of healthy people from the population for other reasons. In this case, the factor of dismission of people callable to other reasons cannot be a determinant. In short, it has no effect. For example, if we are to calculate the rate of mortality covering persons with tuberculoses and, after say a month, healthy members in the given population disappeared due to migration or travel, such incident or event has no bearing at all to the run of the health risk rate.Works CitedHami, Dr. Abdul Samad. Measure of Disease Frequency. social united States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3. Accessed July 1, 2009.

Marketing 4p assigment Essay Example for Free

Marketing 4p assigment EssayINTRODUCTION 1. 0 minimize OF THE ORGANIZATIONS Backed by much than 20 years of experience in Japan, Sushi Zanmai possesses extensive expertise for untoughened materials selection. Base on the nature of Business is classified as Food Beverage industry. The purpose of their vocation is serves the crush nourishment and serv deoxyephedrines to each customers. Genuine ingredients coupled with original recipes and original taste, they provide more than 100 assortments of sushi and 100 varieties of cooked food that be authentically Nipponese.They now have 10 outlets in Malaysia which is at Sunway Pramid, ane Utama, Garden Mall, Low Yat Plaza, Paradigm Mall, Fahrenheit 88 and 1 Month Kiara. They have their avow wedsite for customers more easily to find out the just about nearby location and know what is newly on that month. The main selling ware is sushi other that they too have sell noodles, sieve set, desserts, and beverages. That sushi of colour scurf starts from RM1. 80. 2. 0 THE PRODUCT OF SUSHI ZANMAI Sushi Zanmai is originated from Japan. They are offering the conclave of tangible goods and services in their business.They provide handed-down Japanese foods and services on their business. They business are on direct sell foods to customers. They have serves fledgeling which the Japanese meal begins with a visual feast of chilled and warm appetisers, like pinkish-orange roe Japanese omelette Potato Mayonnaise Sushi Zanmai created own specialties featuring the freshest, handpicked ingredients provide a fresh, contemporary spin on much-loved favourites, exquisitely tailored to suit local taste electences such as, Sanshoku Hana Salmon Caterpillar Roll Wasabillar RollThe handed-down entree consists of expertly-sliced raw fish, shellfish or mollusks, complemented perfectly by the combination of wasabi and soy sauce, and often attended by pickled ginger, example Salmon sashimi Toro sashimi Maguro sashimi Accordin g to survey, most of the female prefer sushi salad that the reason Sushi Zanmai harvest-tides embroil various types of Salad to let customers choose too. As you deal see the three popular salad dishes are Sashimi Salad Salmon Salad Kaiso to Tofu Salad Rolled sushi in Japanese language is pronounces maki.It usually comprises of seafood which may or may non be raw, vinegared rice and paper-thin seaweed. For example, Salmon Maki Soft Shell Crab Maki Natto Maki Follow that, they do have Temaki. The te in Temaki means hand is Japanese language. The Temaki sushi is two- fold. It not only refers to a hand roll that is make entirely with the hand, without the traditional bamboo mat. The cone-shaped Temaki sushi is ofeten prepared as an appetizer. Soft Shell crab Temaki Ikura Temaki Unagi Temaki Other than that, noodles are also usually customers forget aim it.They have provide three types of noodles one is soba which is do from husk flour, Udon made from wheat flour, Ramen made from Chinese wheat flour and served with a wide range of dope up stocks such as soy-sauce base and salt base. Sansai Udon Niku Ramen Kakaiage soba bustburi a dishes consist of a deep bowl of rice topped off with chicken, beef or seafood cooked in a variety of styles and sauces. They have, Curry Rice Unadon Ebidon In beverages, they served many types of drinks like spirt Tea, Calpis Smoothies, fine Japanese Sake, Soft Drinks, Japanese Plum Wine and others.Green Tea (unlimited refill) Ichigo Smoothies Choya Extreme A dessert to end the meals. It have multiple choice as sanitary as, Macha Macha Parfait Itachoco Monaka Stawberry Parfait For the level of the product and services, Sushi Zanmai is selling the product which is categories in actual product. They have their own brand name, design, forwarding that deliver the core benefit to customers. They are selling high quality level product that most of the ingredients are import from Japan such as Salmon, tuna, sea bream, Eel and etc.B esides, Sushi Zanmai are selling the obtain product goods which is one of the important consumer goods in market. There have few reason because of Sushi Zanmais product is belong to shopping product. Sushi Zanmai of products is consumers purchase and consume on a less frequent schedule compared to public lavatory products. Normally, they opened their business inside the shopping mall and which is high class and crowded shopping mall. They will do more selective when choosing distri besidesion outlets to sell their products.However, customers are willing to spend more date locating their products since they are relatively more expensive than convenience products and because these may process additional mental benefits for the purchaser, such as raising customers status level within their social group. 3. 0 THE PRICING dodge THAT USED BY SUSHI ZANMAI Sushi Zanmai has successfully follows the cost plane strategy when tantrum the price of its products. The price skimming strategy allows Sushi Zanmai to charge a price that is above the competition, but also promote frequent gross sales to lower the price below them.Different groups of customers are willing to pay antithetic prices for the aforesaid(prenominal) product. Sushi Zanmai washbowl sell The Extreme to the customers who will pay the higher price to be the first to buy and also to the bargain hunters. Finally, this strategy will emphasize the product and service quality. Sushi Zanmai sets a high initial price for its products to send a signal to customers that its products are quality and the service is excellent. Next, Sushi Zanmai also using price blood and price bundle as the pricing strategies. Product Line Pricing They have selling same product of food but different categories.Every guest has different taste and love different type of cruise that the reason Sushi Zanmai has to classify as well. Certainly, different materiel of food sure is different price charging. For example Sushi Name In gredients Price Inari Sakura Shiitake fish floss RM3. 80 Kaki tyke Roll Friend oyster sushi roll topped with mayonnaise RM9. 80 Dragon Roll heat prawn sushi roll topped with avocado RM12. 80 Rice Name Ingredients Price Ebidon Deep fried prawn with freak on rice RM8. 80 Chiken Katsu Curry Chicken cutlet and rice with clip sauce RM10. 80 Unadon Roasted eel on rice RM15. 80 Noodles Name Ingredients Price TsukimiUdon or ramen noddles with egg RM6. 80 Sansai Udon or soba noodle with vegetables RM8. 80 Curry Udon or ramen noodle with chicken curry RM10. 80 Product Bundle Pricing Sushi Zanmai has offering set furtherance to attract more guests to purchase their products. adapt packaging is type of bundle strategy. It can let guests feel the price is lower or cheaper but just have in certain and limited lime for it, like Chicken Keraage Don and ice lemon tea for only RM7. 90 As manager will be considered in a few points when setting the bundle pricing strategy Customer demands, sor t out which is the product of the guests prefer or like it.Customers always pursue cheaper price, Target profit make sure will give way the target. 4. 0 PLACE OF SUSHI ZANMAI Location is very important to those in Food and Beverage industry, as the product they sell is shopping product, the customers should not be able to take far complications to reach their shop. Normally, Sushi Zanmai chooses to open their new outlet inside the shopping mall that those people visit regularly. Below as those outlets of Sushi Zanmai in Malaysia SUSHI ZANMAI, SUNWAY PIRAMID SUSHI ZANMAI, miserable YAT PLAZA SUSHI ZANMAI, 1 UTAMASUSHI ZANMAI, THE GARDENS MALL SUSHI ZANMAI, FAHRENHEIT 88 SUSHI ZANMAI, 1 M ONTKIARA SUSHI ZANMAI, PARADIGM MALL One of the outlets of Sushi Zanmai in K. L Distribution Sushi Zanmais distribution channel is a direct channel as they are selling their product directly to the customers. Their distribution channel is considered as a direct channel, and it is the best suitable method to do for selling sushi, udon and beverage to the customers. As Sushi Zanmai are being in food and beverage industry, the best way to serve their customers is by serving them nicely and directly.The shopkeepers who are preparing meal in front of the customers 5. 0 PROMOTION OF SUSHI ZANMAI Sushi Zanmai are using promotion methods which are Advertising and Sales Promotion. For advertize promotion purpose, they have created a web page over the internet that those people could get the selective information which about them with visiting their web page. Other than that, for the reasons of nowadays most of the people are having an account on facebook, so that they have created a facebook web page to be distributed among the facebook page.The facebook users or customers might do a feedback or recommendations that about them through their facebook page. Web page of Sushi Zanmai Sales promotional sets will be made to promote their products to let the customers try and enjoy their product and to create strong customer relationships by promoting in person and friendly service. Their popular promotional methods are Have 50 % discounts for only these 4 types of items. The duration of this promotion is just for one week. Sushi Zanmai have did the promotion that shown as above.The customers will get a Chicken Karaage Don for only RM 6. 80 after finish the steps that set by them. Free RM 20 Sushi Zanmai verifier for those customers whom spend RM100 or above in any of their outlets. The duration for this voucher is just for one month. 6. 0 Improvements in 4pstrategies of Sushi Zanmai Product Sushi Zanmai should activate the strategy of product development and convey up with new products from while to time as it is important to maintain the preference of the customers with the new developed products.For example, the organization can come up with new type of rice and new sushi flavour or developing new posting items in single orders such as Udon and etc. Place Sho pping mall actually is a not bad idea for open a restaurant but also need to diligent about the visibility. A restaurant that is located on a crowded nates has high visibility. Conversely, a restaurant nestled on a not crowded place will always passage of arms a disadvantage simply based on its location. Pricing Sushi Zanmai should be try not setting too higher price to attract more other guests purchase your product and also can earn more profit.Promotion Sushi Zanmai can also be improved by creating more comfort sets that prompts the customers to try out the new products made for specific period as a special promotion during particular season such as Valentine Day and Merry Christmas or holiday season order sets for example Advertising on TV Sushi Zanmai shoud has advert on TV. Television is the most powerful advertising medium available. The largest corporations around the world use it to build their brands, bring customers, add credibility, and grow their businesses. Deliv ery work Add delivery services.It can help a company gaining popularity and becoming more available. 7. 0 stopping point In conclusion, i would like conclude by listing the 4pstrategies that regarding of is price, place, promotion and product. They are offering the combination of tangible goods and services in their business. In setting pricing the Sushi Zanmai is using price skimming for their products. For the place and distribution, The Sushi Zanmai is use direct as their channel. Moreover, the Therefore, Sushi Zanmai should improve its product quality and take considered action in order to improve the sales as expected.

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Essay Example for Free

The United Nations company on patronage and cultivation EssayThe United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) celebrates its fortieth anniversary this year. During four decades, the brass has been the focal point within the United Nations for the integrated treatment of trade and evolution and related issues in the areas of coronation, finance, engine room, enterprise development and sustainable development. Established in 1964, UNCTAD promotes the development-friendly integration of ontogeny countries into the world economy.UNCTAD has progressively evolved into an peremptory knowledge-based institution whose work aims to help shape current policy debates and thinking on development, with a circumstance focus on ensuring that domestic policies and transnational action are mutually supportive in obstetrical delivery about sustainable development. The organization works to fulfill this mandate by carrying out three tell functions* It functions as a foru m for intergovernmental deliberations, supported by discussions with experts and exchanges of experience, aimed at consensus building. * It undertakes research, policy analysis and data gathering for the debates of government representatives and experts. * It provides technical assistance tailored to the specialised requirements of developing countries, with special attention to the needs of the least(prenominal) developed countries and of economies in transition.When appropriate, UNCTAD cooperates with other organizations and donor countries in the delivery of technical assistance. The first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was held in Geneva in 1964. Given the magnitude of the problems at stake and the need to address them, the conference was institutionalized to meet every four years, with intergovernmental bodies meeting between sessions and a permanent secretariat providing the necessary substantive and logistical support.Nowadays UNCTAD has conti nued to play a of the essence(p) role in emphasizing the development dimension of issues in the fields of international trade and investment and related areas. In particular, UNCTAD has been addressing the imbalances of internationalization and the need to overcome the supply constraints of developing countries, so as to curb development gains and poverty reduction. This is captured in the theme of the UNCTAD XI Ministerial Conference, Enhancing coherence between national development strategies and global economic processes towards economic growth and development, particularly of developing countries. Main activities* Trade and commodities Promotes the diversification of employment and trade structures. Helps Governments to formulate and implement diversification policies and encourages enterprises to adapt their business strategies and become more competitive in the world market.* Investment, technology and enterprise development Helps developing countries to participate more a ctively in international investment rule making at the bilateral, regional and multilateral levels. These arrangements include the organization of capacity-building seminars and regional symposia and the prep of a series of issues papers.* Macroeconomic policies, debt and development financing Policy analysis and research on issues concerning global economic interdependence, the international monetary and financial system, and macroeconomic and development policy challenges.* Transport, customs and information technology Integrated customs system that speeds up customs clearance procedures and helps Governments to reform and modernize their customs procedures and management. Installed in over 80 countries.* Special Programme for Least Developed, Landlocked Developing and Small Island Developing Countries Identifies the specific needs of these particularly vulnerable countries and tailors technical assistance to these needs.Relationship with other international organizations World Trade Organization UNCTAD and WTO have been joining forces to ensure a better functioning of the multilateral trading system. In April 2003, the organizations signed a Memorandum of Understanding providing for cooperation and consultations on their technical assistance activities and for the conduct of joint studies on selected issues. UNCTAD and WTO interact frequently, and the intergovernmental processes in both organizations are often attended by the same Government representatives. internationalistic Trade CentreThe ITC is jointly sponsored by UNCTAD and WTO for operational, enterprise-oriented aspects of trade development, with an emphasis on trade promotion. In melodic line to UNCTAD, whose technical assistance is primarily tailored to Governments, ITCs technical assistance focuses on assisting businesses in developing countries. Both UNCTAD and WTO are represented in the Joint Advisory Group supervising ITCs work, and UNCTAD has a number of joint technical assistance activi ties with ITC.

Overseas Chinese and Moon Shadow Essay Example for Free

Overseas Chinese and moon on fundament EssayImmigrants lives become re ally difficult when they move to a new country. They be often discriminated against due to their race and/ or nationality. This enigma occurs m any(prenominal) times through expose Dragonwings, a script by Laurence Yep. In his book, the Chinese characters who immigrate to the States aspect many take exceptions in their new lives. They argon thought of as inferior, have to endure many hardships, and become lonely due to the fact that they must leave the majority of their families in China. In this book, the immigrants face multiple difficulties and challenges in the new world they know as the Land of the Golden Mountain.One challenge that the immigrants face in this story is that they atomic number 18 thought of as inferior by Ameri advises, or demons as they have begun to refer to them. Demons are not accepting of differences therefore the Chinese are looked down upon, and dont grow equal rights and privileges. For example, Moon Shadows grandmother tells him that his make traveled to the States to work as a laundryman before he was born. She tells Moon Shadow that specie, in the Land of the Golden Mountain, is e actuallywhere and work force can scoop it up by the bucket-full.When he asks why his father does not come in enough gold to return home, his grandmother replies, Demons roam the mountain up and down and they beat up any of our men who try to get the gold (6). She mentions that they are yielded to take wholly a small pinch of it, and moreover if they do all of the hard, grueling labor that they are told to do. This quote proves that Chinese (Tang) people are belittled. They are forced to work like slaves. Good-paying jobs are actually difficult for them to find. They must withal be conscientious when choosing them. Moon Shadow states, There was plenty of money to be made among the demons, but it was also dodgy (1).This states that though there are many job op portunities in America, the lives of Chinese people are sometimes put at risk. This would almost certainly not have been the case if an American were to have the selfsame(prenominal) job. This demonstrates the prejudice which exists against Tang men. The book also mentions that Americans often assume Chinese people are greedy, that they are after Americans money. This fact is proven when Windrider stops to help a man, Mr. Alger, fix his car. After he mends the automobile, Mr. Alger automatically pulls money out of his pocket to tip him.Windrider says modestly, No tip, just happy to look at horseless(57). Mr. Alger assumes that Windrider only stops to help because he wants money. Moon Shadow goes on to say that the demon stopped and analyze Father as you might look at a dog that had suddenly said he was going to the opera (57). This demonstrates Moon Shadows knowledge that white people think Chinese cannot possibly get high-paying jobs due to their lack of skills or importance. Th ese immigrants have to bear much racism and scrutinyand the insecurity that goes with itin their new homeland.Immigrants also have to face and live in many coarse, new conditions. For example, they have to put up with stereotypes and stories most them. This is proven when Moon Shadow is traveling by ship to America to meet his father for the very(prenominal) first time. Moon Shadow is told a story about how the Tang men had slept upside-down on top of their heads with knives between their teeth, and so on (11). This shows that the white people are very cruel to the Chinese, even if the story stretches the truth. To reap up a story of this violent nature means that it is not far beyond them to do it.Americans also force the Chinese immigrants to live with the constant threat of violence. On one occasion, they go out with the intention of hurting the Chinese, simply for the pleasure of it. Black Dog, a relative of Moon Shadow, states, The demons are all getting drunk and getting r eady for beating up Tang men. The word is to stay inside (29). This shape up shows that the Chinese must face violence, a new element, in their everyday lives. Last, they must endure harsh conditions when arriving in America for the first time, going through immigration.This is a very long, torturous process. Moon Shadow explains, The demons kept us locked inside a long, two-story warehouse for a week before it was our turn to be questioned (11). This illustrates the fact that life is hardly bearable for them in the Land of the Golden Mountain. Things are very difficult, peculiarly because of the way they are treated. The last and one of the most unbearable elements of all for immigrants is retirement. Families are separated. Moon Shadows father leaves his wife, mother, and unborn son in China when he goes to live in America.He leaves with the expectation that he will be able to take his family in approximately five years, as most can. Moon Shadow notes, however, though there we re longer separations, as with Mother and Father (3). This proves that families can be forced to endure long periods of time without seeing each other. As one might imagine, they become very lonely. Also, they often miss the appearance of the elaborate architecture and color used on buildings in China. San Francisco looks very drab to them in comparison. Moon Shadow thinks, Walking up the street, I nearly lost heart.To me, the woody houses seemed like shells of wood which terrible monsters had spun about themselves (18). Since he is not used to the box like American homes, they seem quite foreign and even intimidating to him. He misses the familiarity of his home. Moon Shadow also shows signs of loneliness when he says, I did not go to school during the daytime like demon children because the demons would not allow me to go to any of their schools just a few blocks away (50). He does not have any Chinese friends to play with, and he does no get much contact with white children.It is plain to see that Moon Shadow and his relatives face much loneliness in their everyday lives in America. The characters in this book have very difficult lives in their new home, America. They are burdened with many challenges and hardships. Because of this, their lives in America cannot be carefree and happy. Instead they are filled with sorrow, pain, and scrutiny. They must endure the racism and cruel stereotypes that are targeted at them by Americans. They must work extra hard to find and keep good jobs. It becomes diaphanous that their lives so far away from home are barely endurable.

University of chichester Essay Example for Free

University of chichester EssayFrom 1976 to 1991, UK has witnessed major(ip) changes in its education system. Since early 90s, changes would include transformation in its structure, essential nature and even purpose. The capricious force behind this is legislation and national funding policies which brought about sociological and epistemological change. (Skinner 2006) For instance, the British Council the planetary organisation for cultural relations and educational opportunities of the United Kingdom has been an grave agent of this transformation as it promotes UK education in over 100 countries where it has an established presence. With the increase influx of international students, a take away of this topic would inevitably help develop a more effective marketing scheme for UK as essential market intelligence can be derived from such study, helping higher education administrators ameliorate their standards which is hoped to attract and even more number of international s tudents. The long-term goal of this paper is to provide important information which could help establishing the UK as the premier international education provider.2. 1 Background of the Study rough ? 5 billion annually is contributed by International students to the prudence of the United Kingdom. (Department for Children, Schools, and Families 2006) In line with this, Tony Blair, the rash Minister of the United Kingdom launched a campaign to encourage more international students to study in UK. He also sought building partnerships between universities and colleges in the UK with those abroad.The campaign, the Prime Ministers International Education initiatory (PMI) is based on its phase 1 implemented between the 1999 and 2005 where a unified effort in the promotion of UK education overseas was undertaken. In this next phase, a wider international agenda is expected to be address and and increased funding from the Government, the British Council and the education sector is expec ted. (Department for Children, Schools, and Families 2007) In view of this, data garner from this study can be used, among others, in achieving these goals set by the Prime Minister.Although the University of Chichester is just one of the universities in the region, principles derived from the findings in this study can be adopted to suit local conditions in other universities and colleges. In this way, it is hoped that findings from this study can help not only the education sector but also the economy of the nation as whole since having more international students translates to more funds for the economy as account earlier in this section.2. 2 Objectives This paper aims to provide insights on why students come to the University of Chichester. This is achieved by probe the current performance of the university from the point of view of the studentry, reviewing its current approach to international education, and proposing recommendations to improve its education plan for the in ternational students with emphasis given to sustainability of success.This paper would focus on providing insights as to why students come to the University of Chichester. In order to to this soft and quantitative research methodologies would be used. The soft aspect of this research would focus primarily on the review of related literature but would also include findings from some of informal interviews conducted. The qualitative aspect, on the other hand, would deal with drawing out insights from currently enrolled international students at the University of Chichester.Both the results of the qualitative and quantitative methods would be considered together to validate each other so that reasonable conclusions can be made and feasible recommendations can be formulated. 2. 4 Limitations The literature review would primarily focus on the policy of the United Kingdom regarding encouraging international students to attend UK universities as well the environmental and intimate conte xt of the University of Chichester. A working definition of international education and international students would be developed and the undefiled paper would hinge only on these definitions.For instance, when in the later chapter, an international student is said to be interviewed, it is understood that this international student met all the qualifications described in the working definition of an international student. Also, the findings, conclusions and recommendations for this paper, although was aimed to be usable to other universities so that the goals of the second phase PMI may be achieved, are all in the context of the University of Chichester. Therefore, attempts to apply this to other universities necessitates contextualization.

Hurricanes in New York Essay Example for Free

Hurri gagees in crude York EssayHurricanes ar weather systems that have winds faster than 119 km/hr, brought by intense rotation, gaining nerve impulse as it is formed in the sea. It originates and builds up over tropical oceanic regions. These hurricanes are relatively sm entirely than storms, usually having about 500km in diameter. When it is above a body of water, the air moves in a left-handed direction, but at the top of the storm, the winds are fol subalterning a clockwise direction (What Is a Hurricane? ). expert recently, hurricanes devastated sal trendsal states in the United States including the wide damage it brought to reinvigorated Orleans and human beingsy more. Hurricanes are forces of spirit that no man can stop. It is a great force of nature that no man can go against with. No matter how industrialized the place is, no matter how many in high spirits emergent buildings you have, it a hurricane will hit you, it will. As studies show, the next place a hurricane could hit can be New York urban center. Unusual target. Shortly before dawn on Friday, September 1st, weather services carried the news program that e very adept had been dreading major storm, Hurricane Ella, was off Cape Hatteras and heading for New York. At 630 A. M., an emergency-planning group convened at the command center in Robertsons office. (MORGENSTERN)New York City, considered as iodine of Americas most real urban airfield yet is not as safe as anyone thinks when it comes to a natural disaster like that of a hurricane. No one can imagine how a center of development and commerce, rich with super corporal enterprises and humungous buildings could be devastated by a natural phenomenon. History of Hurricanes in New York New York has a very colorful history when it comes to hurricanes, even though it rarely meets one.Way back in 1821, an enormous hurricane do its presence felt when it went head on with Manhattan, leaving residents in great shock when they saw the sea levels rising more than ten feet in less than an hour. Everything was trashed away by the hurricane, flooding may streets including groove Street. Experts say that the only thing that stopped the hurricane from completely destroying the city was it happened during a low tide. If it happened on a high tide, it would have brought a lot of water and would have flooded the city more.In gilded of 1893, an entire island got wiped of the map of New York completely. It was the betrayer Island, an island the shape of a pig, which runs for more than a mile in the coast south of the Rockaways. It was developed right after the Civil war, wherein many structures were built, like saloons, bathhouses and gambling areas. It was developed for some prominent people, a place where they can relax when they are away from work. Then, disaster struck. It was one big casing, wherein it took a lot from the people. It destroyed and sunk boats on the dock or out on sea, killing hundreds of sailors .It destroyed a lot of residential areas, uprooted many trees, and literally wiped the entire Hogs Island. It was as high as 30 feet, sweeping through Brooklyn, Queens, and another(prenominal) areas nearby destroying anything in its path. Hogs Island was the first situation wherein a hurricane literally removed an entire island (Britt). New York Hurricane Statistics His figures told him that such an event had a statistical probability of occurring as often as once alwaysy sixteen old agewhat meteorologists direct a sixteen-year storm. (MORGENSTERN) According to statistics, storms usually come to New York in a sixteen-year basis.Within 16 years, at that place is a chance that one hurricane would pass New Yorks vicinity. But storms with the strength like that which move Hogs Island is said to hit New York in a span of 75 years or more. But after the incident on Hogs, another massive hurricane swept the city, which is a lot sooner, not following the 75 year sequence. That hurrica ne was known as the Long Island Express. Long Island wasnt populated that much yet, so if that same hurricane struck the place again it would sure enough raise a lot of panic and fear, because of its strength, with winds that go for 183 miles per hour.A major hurricane in New York would surely stir things up. virtually 78. 5% of New Yorkers in the coastal areas have never experienced a major hurricane ever in their lives. It is deemed that in the next 50 years, on that point is a 73% chance that New York City will be hit by a hurricane. But when it comes to a major, greatly destructive hurricane, there is a 26 % chance that New York will get hit in the next 50 years. With these statistics, hopefully, it would help people in staying alert, being prepared if anything goes wrong, if ever another super hurricane would come their way (Mandia).Experts believe that New York City is one of the most dangerous cities that could get the next hurricane disaster. They say that New York is alr eady in third place, following Miami, and New Orleans. These two were heavily devastated by hurricanes in the previous(prenominal) years. Engineering experts say that New York poses a potentially lethal features and characteristics. The bridges in New York are placed so high that it could easily get trashed by pre-hurricane winds, which means that these possible escape routes would be destroyed even before the hurricanes are actually in New York, trapping all the civilians in the city.This decreases the possibility of evacuation, thus a big possibility for a lot of lives to be lost. It is said that in a category 4 hurricane, JFK International Airport would be submerged in 20 feet of water. The salute of hurricane damages Experts say that if hurricanes of the past would happen today, the New York City regions would suffer great financial losings. It is an estimated $18 billion worth of damages if ever disasters like this would likely to happen. Hurricanes are to blame for about 70% of insure property loss in the United States.New Yorks coastal state is succor in terms of insured coastal property, following Florida, so this means that surely, hurricanes would put a great impact on the economy, not only for New York but also for America, and maybe, the world (Naparstek). Hurricanes and the economy. Experts warn that if ever a hurricane makes contact to or anywhere near New York, it would surely affect the economy, for New York is the largest, one of the most productive urban center in the United States.A hurricane attack, even a low category one, would already flood the runways of the JFK International Airport, thus causing a major stir in the flights, of possible investors or investments coming and going out of the area. It could also flood the streets of Manhattan, depending on how it formed and came, and the tides, whether it is high tide or low tide. It could also cause a lot of damages in the buildings and other infrastructure in the highly urbanized area . These losses are of great importance to marketing and finance, and could surely create an upset.New York is a worldwide center when it comes to finance, it is already an institution. It also has a very large effect on national and international commerce. If ever one hurricane would hit New York making its ports closed, the New York Stock exchange would really suffer. A week of closure would surely damage the economy of America, worse than hurricane Katrinas effect (Drye). Conclusion From Tropical Storms, to low-category hurricanes, to major devastating hurricanes like hurricane Katrina and Long Island Express, theyre all the same.They could all bring bad things the only difference is the intensity of the damage. They are forces of nature in which man cannot contend with, the only thing that we can do is to be prepared. It is the key for survival, and the key for the reduction of losses we could experience.ReferencesBritt, Robert Roy. History Reveals Hurricane Threat to New York C ity. 2005. LiveScience. http//www. livescience. com/forcesofnature/050601_hurricane_1938. html. Drye, Willie. Hurricane Could Devastate New York, U. S. Economy, Experts Warn. 2006.National Geographic Society. http//news. nationalgeographic. com/news/2006/05/060519_hurricanes. html. Mandia, Scott A. Whats in strain for New Yorks Future? 2003. http//www2. sunysuffolk. edu/mandias/38hurricane/hurricane_future. html. MORGENSTERN, JOE. The Fifty-Nine-Story Crisis. 1995. http//www. duke. edu/hpgavin/ce131/citicorp1. htm. Naparstek, Aaron. Storm Tracker. 2005. http//nymag. com/nymetro/news/people/columns/intelligencer/12908/. What Is a Hurricane? 2001. http//www.comet.ucar.edu/nsflab/web/hurricane/311.htm

Constitutional Law of the European Union Essay Example for Free

Constitutional fair play of the European gist EssayThe European Court of Justice is the driving force behind European integration. The ECJ had elaborately outlined the school of thoughts of domination and designate effect of the EC Law and provided remedies for regaining caused by breach of EC Law by a atom browse . Despite the initiatives of the ECJ, there have been conflicts between club equity and subject field practice of police. Moreover, the ECJ made it clear that the EC righteousness had supremacy over gaffe jurisprudence in the event of conflict as evidenced in the fount of Costa v ENEL, wherein it held that a forward ruling by the Italian motor inns based on their depicted object rectitude would be of no signifi passelce. In Simmenthal, the ECJ keen that the companionship law was to fritter precedence over subject area law and that whatever homework of the national law that contravened the Community Law would be rescinded by it. Moreover, the ECJ prohibited the go acrossation of each national law that was in conflict with the Community law. The ECJ further ruled that no fundamental provision of any national law could ch eitherenge the supremacy of a mastermindly applicable Community rule .This supremacy of Community law is one of the constitutive teachings of the integration of the European Community legal order and it has been fountainhead embedded in the Treaty that established a Constitution for the European wedlock. The doctrine of supremacy of Community law, the principles of direct effect and uniform applicability are the primary ingredients of the Community. They are fundamental to the promotion of an useful Community legal order and form the unseen pillars of the European Constitution.Further, the doctrine of supremacy is the actual cover personification of this constitutional power . The national constitutional courts of process produces found it very difficult to train the doctrine of supremacy and in the initial st successions the Italian and German constitutional courts almost refused to adopt this doctrine into their respective national mandates, because they felt that they would be surrendering their power of constitutional palingenesis of secondary community law. Subsequently, the magnification of the European sodality provided a new paradigm to this doctrine of supremacy.This doctrine of supremacy was enforced by the ECJ in Costa v ENEL . This doctrine is a jurisprudential creation of the ECJ. Further, the Court clarified that the atomic number 63 Treaty had adopted a new legal system, which the phallus States had integrated into their national legislation. Accordingly, the national courts were call for to apply the Community law without any deviation and this generated a number of debates in the Member States. Ultimately, it was accredited by the Member States. However, total supremacy over the national constitutional provisions has non been achieved .In Frontin i the Italian Constitutional Court had opined that the 1957 Act, which had accepted the provisions of the atomic number 63 Treaty, did non breach the Constitution. Moreover, the Italian court reserved to itself the right to review the continuing compatibility of the Treaty with the Constitution . In an new(prenominal) case the Italian Constitutional Court, while accepting the precedence of Community law, maintained that the court had competence over any aspect of the affinity between Community law and municipal law .These decisions clearly established that the national constitutional courts had not completely accepted the supremacy of Community law. The German Constitutional Courts voiced their absorb over the protection of fundamental rights in the decisions given in Solange I and II and introduced the concept of Kompetenz Kompetenze. scour in the Banana case the German constitutional Court declined to give up its power to review secondary community legislation in order to pr otect fundamental rights .In the United domain this doctrine created several problems, because the UK constitution bestows absolute power on Parliament. Further, the UK ratified a dualist policy concerning the relationship between international treaties and national law. Although much(prenominal)(prenominal) treaties were signed by the UK, they were not incorporated into the municipal law of the UK. In order to incorporate the treaties into national laws, the Parliament had to ratify them and this resolveed in a problem in respect of accepting the doctrine of supremacy of Community law over national law.In the notable Factortame case the concept of the supremacy of Community law was subjected to a vast amount of discussion. In that case Spanish fishermen had argued that the norms for registering vessels under the Merchant Shipping Act 1988 were discriminatory and in conflict with the provisions of the EC Treaty. The House of Lords refused to grant any interim injunction against the Crown. The applicants in this case claimed that this would violate the Community law and the result was that a reference was made to the ECJ, which ruled in favour of these applicants.The ECJ further held that any subdivision of legislation in the national law that prevented a court from issuing interim relief would be tantamount to the violation of the Community law . The EOC case dealt with the suitability of the UK statute regarding unfair dismissal and diffuseness pay in the broader context of the EC law . The UK law provided different benefits to employees working in upright time and part time jobs. The appellant in the case, the Equal Opportunities focus, opined that the statute was discriminating against female employees, which was in contravention of Article 141 of the EC Treaty and to other Community guidings.The House of Lords held that the national legislation had profaned the EC law and upheld the nitty-grittyion of the EOC. The approach of the European Court of Justice is at variance with the habitual doctrine of precedent that is entrenched in domestic law. The objective of the ECJ is to bring about a European mating that follows the same law throughout its Member States and to this end it constantly endeavours to promote the EC Treaty. This could result in a change in the interpretation of legal principle over a item of time.Moreover, the ECJ bases its decisions on the extant circumstances and not on precedent. National courts of Member States in the European Union can obtain a preliminary ruling regarding the interpretation of European Union Law from the ECJ on the basis of the provisions inherent in Article 234 of the EC Treaty. However, it is not the primary objective of the ECJ to take decisions regarding the compatibility between the domestic and European laws. Further, it is in like manner not the primary aim of the ECJ to apply the European Union Law to some specific facts of a case .The ECJ indicates the principle to be ap plied in a particular case and the case willing have to be resolved in the originating court, however, the ECJ ruling will have to be implemented by such a court. In the absence seizure of an appeal from a national court, a reference will have to be made by the originating court, in case it is of the opinion that a clarification in respect of European Union Law is required. Nevertheless, there are instances where an ET, EAT or Appellate Court has to make a reference to the ECJ in order to speak judgement that is in accordance with the EU law.The function of the advocates full general is to aid the judges in their discriminative work. They do this by submitting analyses and recommendations regarding the issues raised in a particular case . In addition to the rights conferred on the nationals of the EU Member States by their respective national constitutions, the EU law comprises of another source that grants rights to them. As such the European Union law constitutes a legal syst em that in addition to organism independent also, perhaps more importantly, takes precedence over the national laws of the Member States of the European Union.This European Union law comprises of treaties, which constitute primary legislation and regulations and directionals that constitute secondary legislation. The importance of regulations is that they directly require residence from the Member States without having to be codified into the national laws. However, in respect of the guidings, which are also legally binding, the burden of implementing them rests squarely with the Member States and these Member States have to do so by resorting to the relevant national law legislation on or beforehand the final date set by the EU for such implementation.Accordingly, Article 189 of the European Economic Treaty offers that A Directive shall be binding, as to the result to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed, but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods. The European Court of Justice, subsequent to taking cognizance of the fact that Directives have to be implemented by the Member States, declared that individuals were well within their rights to ensure the implementation of Directives even in the event of failure by the Member States to meet the deadline set by the EU.In addition, individuals were permitted to enforce such rights in the national courts. The new wave Gend en Loos decision unequivocally established the fact that in addition to creating obligations for the Member States to implement the Directives it also creates rights for the individual citizens of these Member States . The right of the Member States and the European Commission to proceed against other Member States before the European Court of Justice does not prohibit the lodging of complaints by individuals against the Member State to which they drop dead in their national courts.In this context, the European Court of Justice ruled t hat Article 12 of the EEC results in direct effect, which in turn result in the creation of rights for individuals and that these rights had to perforce protected by the national courts. Consequently, individuals have been empowered to ensure that rights granted by the Directives are enforced in the national courts . The offshoot of this is that individuals can ensure the implementation of human rights by resorting to legal action.In the Becker case it was clarified that if there is unconditionality and adequate precision in the provisions of a Directive that bestows individual rights, then individuals can resort to such provisions to contest the relevant national law . Furthermore, in the Francovich case the European Court of Justice established a test in three parts, which was to be utilized in order to ascertain whether the provisions that were inherent in a Directive, were sufficiently precise and unconditional in creating a right that was applicable to individuals.The ECJ has t o pass on the identity of the persons who are supported by the guarantee and the content of the guarantee. The identity of the person in breach and who is liable to pay the guarantee has also to be ascertained. head-to-head persons and institutes cannot be subjected to the provisions of the Directives, because it is only the state that is subject to the Directives. The decision in the case of Francovich served to establish that deteriorations could be claimed by an individual in a national court, in the event of a Member States failure to implement a Directive in good order.The ECJ clarified that the spirit of the European law and the protection of rights would become ineffective if an individual failed to secure compensation. Moreover, the States are required to implement Directives wholly and properly. The ECJ decided in Brasserie du Pecheur v. Germany that there must be a sufficiently serious breach by the State in order to determine its liability. This dictum applies to situa tions where national legislation is implemented improperly and inconsistently with a Directive.In order to determine whether Community law was breached with sufficient seriousness, it is sufficient to demonstrate that the Member State or Community institution had seriously and knowingly ignored the limits to its discretionary power. Some of the factors that the court has to consider are the exactitude and clarity of the rule that was breached, the amount of discretion allowed to the national or Community authorities, whether the dam eld caused was intentional or not and whether there had been any adoption or rejection of measures that were in violation of the Community law .Member States for whom the Directives are specifically issued should be bound by them. Sometimes Directives can be addressed to one Member State or a group of them, but in general Directives are addressed to all the Member States. The exception to this practice is in respect of Directives that pertain to recipro cal Agricultural Policy. The European Commission initiates a binding legal action in situations where a Member State fails to incorporate the provisions of a Directive into their national legislation or if the national legislation fails to properly fulfill the requirements of the Directive.Previously, the Directives were not adequately binding upon the Member States in their implementation. To address this problem, the ECJ promoted the doctrine of direct effect. Thus even if a Member States fails implement the Directives there is legal initiation under the principle of direct effect. This was clearly established in the case of Francovich v Italy. In that case, the ECJ attributed liability to Italy for its failure to implement a Directive. The Easytalk was a private limited company that had been formed with help from the UK government.It was established in order to encourage students in the EU to come to the UK in order to learn English. This company advertised all over the EU univer sities by means of pamphlets, in which it was stated that the course instructors would be highly certifiable scholars in English with a great deal of teaching experience. A Directive was issued by the EU that prohibited the issuance of advertisements that misled and imparted false information. This Directive was to be implemented by January 2007.However, the UK government failed to implement this Directive by this deadline and in effect this Directive had been ignored by the UK government, because the latter was of the opinion that this Directive was unlawful. Subsequently, a French student, Antoine came to the UK and registered for a course that taught English. However, once the classes commenced, Antoine realized that the faculty comprised of students who were not qualified teachers of English as a foreign language.On being approached, the institute where he had enrolled refused to refund the fees paid by him. The direct effect of guidings has been restrained by the concepts of erect and crosswise effect. Van Duyn and Ratti affirmed that directives only have vertical effect so that an individual who is affected by the states failure to implement a directive properly or not at all only has rights against the state and not against a non-state entity or other individuals, as the directive imposes the obligation of implementation upon the state.Therefore a horizontal limitation was placed upon the eye socket of the direct effect of directives. This principle was addressed in Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire health Authority , in which the applicant who was employed by the Health authority, was required to retire at the age of sixty two years, while men doing the same work did not have to retire until the age of sixty five years.Although under national law, by virtue of the Sex Discrimination Act, this was not discriminatory, she succeeded in her claim for unfair dismissal by relying on the Equal Treatment directive, which had not been imple mented in the UK. This directive was sufficiently clear to have direct effect but the courts took the opportunity to confirm that a directive may not of itself impose obligations on an individual and that a provision may not be relied upon as such against such a person.Therefore since the health authority was an organ of the state, the directive had vertical direct effect. Since the respondent in this problem is a private limited company, the claimant cannot approach the Commission under the vertical direct effect. However, he can seek justice under the EU law by resorting to the procedure of mediate effect. Since, the UK government had not implemented the Directive the claimant can approach the national courts of the UK to compel the government to apply the Directive.In respect of damages, the ECJ further held in R v H. M. Treasury, ex parte British Telecommunications plc that parties who had sustained loss as a result of incorrect implementation of a directive by a state, could c laim damages for the loss sustained on such an account. In severalize to this, if a state has failed to fulfill its obligations regarding Directives, whether by non-implementation or incorrect implementation, an individual cannot request invocation of the horizontal direct effect of a directive against another individual.Similarly the effectiveness of non-implemented or incorrectly-implemented directives that do not have direct effect through the horizontal limitation has been enhanced through the doctrine of indirect effect, which emerged from Von Colson . In this case the ECJ held that national courts are required to interpret their national law in washy of the wording and the purpose of the directive so that the directive is given some effect despite the absence of proper domestic implementation.This principle may be used under two circumstances first, where the defendant is a state entity but a directive is not vertically directly effective as its provisions are insufficientl y precise, conditional and require further state action for their implementation. Second, the provisions of a directive could be indirectly enforced against a non-state entity i. e. it could be applied horizontally as between individuals. The court was confronted with a horizontal situation in Marleasing , in which this position was confirmed.Therefore, if national law was in existence that could be read in conformity with a non-implemented directive, then an individual could enforce a legal remedy against another individual through the interpretative route without seeking to enforce the directive directly and encountering the barrier to horizontal effect. In respect of the Easytalk institute the claimant can file a case for breach of contract and false representation in the UK courts in order to obtain redressal for the loss, damage and frustration caused to him.The question arises as to whether the aggrieved individuals can claim damages against the state in the national courts. T he ECJ clarified that the state had to pay compensation for the damages caused due to non implementation of a Directive and that the conditions laid down for such claim of damages must not be less reasonable than what was specified for a domestic claim. Furthermore, the Member State should not unduly complicate the claim process.

High Schools Students Essay Example for Free

High Schools Students EssayNo nestling Left Behind mandates placed wicked pressure on drills throughout the country to succeed in helping our students achieve. School leaders atomic progeny 18 spending clipping and money to find ways to improve their prepares. Many leaders puzzle elect to restructure their every twenty-four hours scheduling do. Schools need to explore if this is beneficial or not. The purpose of this force field is to run into if gormandise scheduling has an effect on student achievement of racy groom students who are enrolled in elude scheduling classes versus those enrolled in traditionalistic classes. The fold format impart consist of four 90-minute classes. The traditional format bequeath consist of sise 50 proceedings classes. To examine student achievement, the researcher will explore three critical areas. They are academic achievement, student discipline, and student attendance. The sample population will consist of students, teachers and administrators. The students of this population will be students enrolled at a t all told coach that uses the layover format and students enrolled at a high school that uses the traditional format.To examine academic achievement, only students who beget faultless(prenominal) their 11th grade course and taken the social studies portion of the Georgia High School starting measure turn up will be employ. To examine discipline and attendance, the teachers, administrators and several(prenominal) students will be randomly selected. The boldness consider will consist of interview questionnaires and data from the students records to determine if there is a difference with binge scheduling compared to traditional scheduling.The research will explain and explore if block scheduling versus traditional scheduling is a wise decision for school leaders throughout the country. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1 affirmation of Problem It is no secret that schools in the united States have come downstairs some(prenominal) disregard lately for their failure to meet the basic educational needs of students. Globally, students in the United States lag utmost behind those of otherwise countries. Education reform is a catch phrase on the lips of politicians and educational researchers a kindred.Dobbs reports that in a global maths skills examine, the United States ranked 24th out of 29 wealthy, industrialized countries. virtually 5500 students in 262 high schools were studied their poor performance suggests a widening gap amid US students and their counterparts in Europe and Asia (Dobbs, M. , 2004). In addition an International Math Science Study reported the high school seniors were out-performed by 90% of other tested nations in math and by 76% in science (Hodges, 2003).In reading, students are equally unprepared. The Alliance for Excellent Education reports that closely 6 one million million middle and high school students do not read at grade train. I n addition, everyplace half the students entering college scored at unacceptable levels on college entrance exams in reading, and these trends seem to cross sexuality and racial lines (Aratani, 2006). The current debate about school reform came in response to the report, A ballparkwealth at Risk (2004) which made the above statistics and their implications public to the nation.The National armorial bearing on Excellence in Education remarked that if a foreign power had attempted to impose our current education performance on any nation, it would have been deemed an act of war. In a nutshell, schools in America were characterized as failed strategys (Finn, 1997). The No Child Left Behind Act (NCBLA) by the current Bush Administration is one of the most groundbreaking educational reforms in years. Approved by Congress in December 2001 and signed into law on January 8, 2002, this legislation expanded the federal official governments role in the operation of public schools and co mpel modern obligations on all school districts.The NCLBAs basic reform principles feature stronger accountability of the schools, administrators and teachers, change magnitude flexibility and local control of funds from the federal government, expanded options for parents in choosing schools, and an increased emphasis on triumphful teaching methods (No Child Left Behind Act, 2001). Policymakers are also accountable not respectable for the enhanced consumer satisfaction of the parents who have an active role in school choice, but also for the boilersuit improvement of opportunity and performance for students who have only a limited role in school choice (Leckrone Griffith, 2006).To combat these downward trends and to contribute for the new obligations and standards in the NCLBA, public education reform has moody to a revision of the structure of the school twenty-four hour period. This included changing the schedules from a traditional six or sevensomeer period sidereal mean solar day which consisted of 45 to 55 minute classes that met daily for an entire school year to a block schedule. Block schedules take many forms, but basically, the class generation per period duplicate to about 90 minutes each and the number of classes taken is reduced from six or seven to four per semester. 1. 2 Statement of PurposeSince the trend toward block scheduling began several years ago, and reports have been mixed as to whether block scheduling has been beneficial or deleterious in solving some of the problems of US high schools. Many factors are involved when it comes to student achievement. These include, among other things, school climate, teaching practices, familial support, motivation and resources. This survey seeks to determine the effectives of block scheduling on the academic performance of high school students with regard to the discipline, attendance and test scores. 1. 3 DefinitionsFor the purposes of this study, the following definitions will be us ed 4 x 4 Block plan Four classes, approximately ninety minutes in length, every day for the first semester. Four on the whole different classes, again ninety minutes in length, every day for the second semester. Each class equals one credit (The interpolate Process and Alternative Scheduling, 1996). A/B Block Scheduling Four classes, approximately ninety minutes in length, meeting every other day (A days) for an entire school year. Four completely different classes, again ninety minutes in length, meeting on alternate days (B days) for an entire year.Each class equals one credit (The Change Process and Alternative Scheduling, 1996). Combination Block Schedule A combine of 4 x 4 and A/B block schedules (The Change Process and Alternative Scheduling, 1996). Flexible Schedule A combination of 4 x 4 and A/B block schedules, but class length varies from day to day. One example On three out of every five days throughout the school year, each class could be 90 minutes in length . On the other two days, designated as Advisement/Resource Days, each class is 75 minutes in length. An Advisement/Resource min is 60 minutes in length (The Change Process and Alternative Scheduling, 1996). Traditional Format six (or more) 50-minutes classes per day FMS the Flexible Modular System designed by J. Lloyd Trump which introduced alternative scheduling options and provided for differing times for classes depending on the needs of the student and the content of the particular course. GHSGT The Georgia High School Graduation Test which must be passed by all seniors in public high schools in Georgia. Carnegie Unit enormous hundred hours of class or contact time with an instructor over the course of a year at the secondary school level No Child Left Behind Act NCLBA, 2001 legislation which tightened federal control over the standards and processes of American public schools. 1. 4 Assumptions of the Study This study assumes that all schools and students and teachers polled are enrolled or teaching in schools that follow the typical formats discussed above, that they have no previously diagnosed mental disabilities or study problems and that the school is not participating in any additional enrichment programs which may distort the results of the study. 1. 5 entailment of the StudyThis study is important for anyone interested in better education in American high schools. This study is monumental in that it provides to the body of research that determine a) if the block scheduling concept is comprehend by teachers and students as efficient and advantageous and b) if the block scheduling concept is actually responsible for amend academic achievement based upon variable factors of attendance, disciplinary records, and achievement test scores. 1. 6 Limitations of the Study This study is limited by the existence of several variables which cannot be tested by these researchers or that cannot be completely controlled.First, the research obtained is limited to those participants who willingly elect to complete the surveys and questionnaires in their entirety. All personal data to be collected is limited by the veracity of the respondents. Because of the small scope of the research, it is difficult to statistically proportion the number of respondents from necessary categories such as gender, race, income level, and college plans. It can also not take into account existing problems in the schools unrelated to scheduling such as teacher turnover, violence, etc. 1. 7 SummaryThe problems faced by high schools in the United States are wide-ranging and diverse. No one change will provide an instant cure for all that ails the education system. The NCLBA mandates and the general demise of educational achievement has prompted several new methods of teaching, administrating and funding education in America. The issue of scheduling may hold promise as to improving some aspects of academic performance. CHAPTER TWO REVIEW of the LITERATU RE 2. 1 Historical Background of Block Scheduling Students of the 20th century spent nearly all of their high school time in 45 to 55 minute class periods, six or seven classes a day.During the 1960s, some testal ideas emerged, celebrated the model of J. Lloyd Trump, who proposed creating classes of varying lengths depending upon the course. Science courses with lab requirements could meet for 100 minutes magic spell lectures could be plan for 40 minutes and tutorials for 20 minutes. This system was called the Flexible Modular System (FMS). Later, a similar quality of scheduling was dubbed the Copernican Plan which resulted in a reported benefit of improved graduation evaluate (Carroll, 1995). The plan gives students an extra chance each year to pass a semester class that they may have failed.In 1984, John Goodlad warned education leaders that the traditional school structure spends way too much time on six or seven class changes and does not allow for individualized instructi on, for all-inclusive laboratory work, or for remediation and enrichment (Queen, 2000). Eventually, the extreme flexibility of time produced discipline issues, scheduling headaches and teacher plan problems, and FMSs popularity began to wane (Dobbs, W. , 1998) Nonetheless, the importance of this system has not been overlooked, and it is generally regarded as the precursor to the modern block scheduling system.Tradition has always played a role in high school scheduling. The Carnegie Unit became a standard for find out a students required yearly course load. Most critics of the traditional system likened the Carnegie Unit to simply amassed seat time (Canady and Rettig, 1995). This point was reiterated in the National Education Commission on Time and Learnings publication of A Prisoner of Time. It states that Learning in America is a prisoner of time. For the past 150 years, American public schools have held time constant and let acquire vary.The rule, only rarely voiced, is simpl e learn what you can in the time we make available. It should surprise no one that some bright, hardworking students do reasonably well. Everyone elsefrom the typical student to the dropoutruns into trouble. Time is scholarships warden. (National Education Commission on Time and Learning, 1994, p. 7) The pace is grueling (Irmsher, 1996). A student will spend nearly seven hours a day in seven to nine locations pursuing seven to nine different lessons and activities which produces an neutral and inefficient approach to instruction.The pace is grueling (Irmsher, 1996). Unfortunately, many administrators, teachers and parents resisted any type of change to the system that they had experienced themselves. This resistance was challenged with the report A Nation At Rise was published in 1983 which revealed the American educational system was not up to par with international systems. Thus, restructuring schools became a focus in improving educational achievement (Queen, 2000). 2. 2 Summary of Current Knowledge and Theory Relevant to Block Scheduling 2. 2. 1 Overview of Perceived Advantages to Block Scheduling several(prenominal) researchers (Dobbs, W., 1998 Hurley, 1997 Zepeda, 1999 Staunton, 1997 Staunton and Adams, 1997 Pisapia, and Westfall, 1997 and Eineder and Bishop, 1997) reported the following perceived strengths and advantages by both students and teachers to block scheduling Increased teacher preparation time (in both teams and as individuals). Double the class time for certain core subjects such as verbiage arts and math. Half as many students for teachers per semester redundant elective class choice for 9th grade students more choices for upperclassmen, including options of Advanced Placement and other higher level coursework More time for completion of labs, incorporating technology, class trips, and other various applications of learned material Improved school climate and decreased disciplinary referrals More time to do homework and for guided practice under the direction of the teacher Improved academic achievement by students Ability of students to accumulate enough assign to graduate early. More private time between teachers and students In general, surveyed students want the block scheduling. They claimed to be acquiring better grades, to have time for more in-depth study, and got more attention from the teachers.They said their lives were less stressed and they liked having a fresh start each semester. Nearly all students asked said they would not want to lapse to the traditional schedule. One of the greatest effects of the 4 x 4 schedule is that students report having less homework. Of the 37 students interviewed, 20 said they had less homework, 7 said they had more, and 6 said they had about the same. If you dont like the teacher, you dont have to deal with him all year, or if you dont like the subject. When the semester ends, its like a new school year. Youre not bogged down. intelligibly, these students re aped academic benefits from the change to the 4 x 4 schedule. Both college preparatory and general students reported they were learning more and receiving more individual attention (Hurley, 1997). Surveyed teachers indicated that they enjoyed lecturing less and spending more time one-on-one with students. Teachers teaching in block scheduling used more of a team approach and allowed them to experiment more in the classroom (Staunton, 1997 Staunton and Adams, 1997). Teachers also reported that their teaching methods and practices changed as block scheduling was implemented.They used a wider array of strategies and activities. In one Florida study of over forty high schools on block scheduling, forty percent of the teachers reported less stress at school, one-third reported increased common planning time, and 80 percent noted that they preferred the block schedule to their previous schedule (Deuel, 1999). at that place seem to be several perceived advantages associated with block sch eduling. 2. 2. 2 Overview of Perceived Disadvantages to Block Scheduling Several researchers (Dobbs, W., 1998 Hurley, 1997 Zepeda, 1999 Staunton, 1997 Staunton and Adams, 1997 Pisapia, and Westfall, 1997 and Eineder and Bishop, 1997) reported the following perceived weaknesses and disadvantages by both students and teachers to block scheduling Additional costs in hiring teachers. Additional costs in adding space for teachers or the need for teachers to travel which means he has no permanent classroom Difficulty in do up work from absences because missing one day equivalent to missing two classes Some classes clearly benefit from meeting every day (i. e. perform arts classes) Need for teachers to commit to using new teaching methods Ninety minutes is a abundant time to hold the attention of students Uneven schedules in which the harder classes all end up lumped into one semester making it too difficult and the next semester too easy. The possibility that there will be a lon g gap in between sequential courses if they are not taken in back-to-back semesters. The capital disadvantage given by surveyed students is that the classes are too long. Students particularly gave this as a weakness when their teachers lectured for nearly all of the time period.Others noted that bad classes are really bad when they are held for 90 minutes (Hurley, 1997). Surveyed teachers voiced concerns about interruptions of sequential material from one semester to the next and consistency issues with students. However, teacher opinion seemed to be mixed about this issue. Some foreign language teachers feared a sequential break between levels (Scheduling outside Languages on the Block, 1998). Other researchers found that some schools actually showed an increase in foreign language test scores because students could take level I and level II courses in back-to-back semesters (Schoenstein, 1996).Some teachers entangle more comfortable with the lecture approach and had little com fort with experimentation of teaching methods (Staunton, 1997 Staunton and Adams, 1997). 2. 2. 3 real(a) Advantages to Block Scheduling via Research Studies. A Temple University study found that block scheduling had straightforward advantages in academic achievement. Students who made the honor roll at the three schools studied rosebush from 22% to 31%. SAT scores rose by an average of 14 points. In addition, the number of detentions declined while student attendance increased (Evans, Tokarczyk and Rice, 2000).Most recently, a 2006 study indicated a variety of advantages to block scheduling. atomic number 23 Connecticut high schools were studied to determine what, if any, positive outcomes would result. The researchers used test scores and surveys as a means of data collection from school guidance counselors, teachers, administrators and students. The study found that gains in math rose significantly over a two year period, achievement test score averages rose in a statistically significant manner over three years, and PSAT and SAT scores increased in spite of appearance the first three years but then leveled off.(Wilcox, 2006). This study is one of the few longitudinal studies available. This study also stressed the importance of time as a factor in determining the success of block scheduling. Almost all of the results which indicated significant differences were shown after two or more years (Wilcox, 2006). Clearly some time is necessary in order for students and teachers to become accustomed to the changes. Some of the school studies Wilcox (2006) examined had been run on a block schedule for as long as ten years.Unfortunately, not all the schools had baseline data for years before the block schedule or had opened with a block schedule. The study further stresses the level of support by the staff can be a determining factor as to the success of any type of block scheduling, which seems to correlate, at least on come along examination of the results, with training procedures and teacher confidence. 2. 2. 4 Actual Disadvantages to Block Scheduling via Research StudiesA University of brotherhood Carolina at Chapel Hill study studied achievement in reading and mathematics of students in a high school which ran a tri-schedule. This schedule consisted of a traditional schedule, a 4 x 4 schedule and hybrid schedules which all operated in the same single school. The NC state mandated tests in reading, language and math were used to determine achievement. For reading and language test results, there was no statistically significant difference based on the types of schedules. There was, however, a statistically significant difference in math computation subtest.The traditional schedule saw slightly higher scores in understanding and retentivity of mathematical computation for tenth grade students. Thus, this study supports the importance of daily instruction and contact time to student achievement in mathematics as distinct from other academic skills (Veal and Shreiber, 1999). Another study tested students in the Wilmington area of North Carolina. It, too, found that students on traditional schedules scored higher on tests of algebra, English, biology and history than did students on a block schedule (Lawrence and McPherson, 2000).2. 2. 5 Studies that were Inconclusive in Determining the efficacy of Block Scheduling in Increasing Academic Achievement. A third North Carolina study, this one undertaken by the department of Public Instruction, compared End-Of-Course (EOC) test scores in five areas (English I, Algebra I, Biology I, US History, and Economic, Legal and political Systems (ELP)). It sample scores from schools that operated on block schedules and on traditional schedules for 1993 to 1996.It mentions at the outset that the first schools to get hold of block schedules in NC were those that had subvert achievement scores to begin with. These schools scores were adjusted for the purpose of this study. The boilers suit results were inconclusive. Some blocked schools showed some improvement in some years but then lower scores in other years. At present, there are essentially no significant differences between groups of blocked and corresponding non-blocked school groups in terms of student performance in state EOC Tests (North Carolina Department of Public Instruction, 1997).